The Brasses of England

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Architectural
Library

nK

\

THE ANTIQUARY'S BOOKS

GENERAL EDITOR i J. CHARLES COX, LL.D, F.S.A.

THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

THE

BRASSES OF ENGLAND

HERBERT W!: MACKLIN, M.A.

ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE
PRESIDENT OF THE MONUMENTAL BRASS SOCIETY

WITH EIGHT)r-FIV£ ILLUSTRATIONS

SECOND EDITION

METHUEN & CO.

36 ESSEX STREET W.C.

LONDON

First Publisfud . . February i^oy
Second Edition iqoy

r

I

1 1

>

TO MY FIVE SONS

CHRISTOPHER, DAVID, PAUL, HILARY

AND AUSTIN

AT THE SPECIAL REQUEST OF ONE WHOM
I DESIRE TO PLEASE

THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED

. "i

PREFACE

IN the following pages I have endeavoured to give a
general survey of the whole of the monumental brasses
yet existing in England. The subject is one which has
been before antiquaries for a number of years, and about
which there is a quite considerable literature. At the same
time it is a literature not generally accessible, and consists
chiefly of books long out of print, and of papers and articles
printed in the Transactions of the various societies, as well
as a number of pamphlets privately printed. The text-book
is A Manual of Monumental Brasses^ by the Rev. Herbert
Haines, M.A., published in 1861, in two volumes, the first an
Introduction, and the second a List of Brasses arranged in
counties, which has formed the basis of all succeeding lists.
The Introduction is an amplification of an earlier Manual
which accompanied a Descriptive Catalogue of Rubbings
issued by the Oxford Architectural Society.

Earlier works include Gough's Sepulchral Monuments in
Great Britain^ published 1786; A Series of Monumental
Brasses from the Thirteenth to the Sixteenth Century^ 1842-
1864, by J. G. and L. A. B. Waller ; and Monumental Brasses
and Slabs, by the Rev. Charles Boutell, 1847, 2i"d The Monu-
mental Brasses of England^ by the same author, in 1849, a
series of engravings upon wood with brief descriptive notices.

Separate counties were in these earlier days admirably
treated by Thomas Fisher, 1812, for Bedfordshire; John Sell
Cotman, 18 19, for Norfolk and Suffolk ; Franklin Hudson,
1853, for Northamptonshire ; and, in a smaller and less costly

viii THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

form, Edward Kite, i860, for Wiltshire. The Monumental
Brasses of Cornwall^ 1882, by E. H. W. Dunkin, occupies an
intermediate position, and is an excellent piece of work.

In 1886 a society was founded at Cambridge exclusively
for the study of Monumental Brasses, and for the complete
revision of Haines' Lists, a work not yet completed. Head-
quarters were afterwards transferred to London, and the Trans-
actions of the Monumental Brass Society have now extended
to four complete volumes and part of a fifth. A Journal of
the Oxford University Brass-Rubbing Society first appeared in
1897, and continued, in one excellent volume and two ad-
ditional numbers, until December, 1900, after which the scope
of the Society was enlarged, and its name changed to that of
the Oxford University Antiquarian Society. To many of the
writers in both these publications I am greatly indebted, and
have made free use of their notes. An accurate List of
Monumental Brasses remaining in the County of Norfolk was
published by the Rev. Edmund Farrer in 1890, and a similar
List of Suffolk Monumental Brasses in 1903. A List of the
Existing Sepulchral Brasses in Lincolnshire was reprinted in
1895 from Lincolnshire Notes and Queries by the Rev. G. E.
Jeans, and in the same year appeared a more brief list of The
Monumental Brasses of Warwickshire^ by the Rev. E. W.
Badger.

Photo-lithographs of all, or nearly all, of the Kentish
Brasses have been published by Mr. W. D. Belcher in two
quarto volumes, 1888 and 1905. The Monumental Brasses of
Lancashire and Cheshire by Mr. James T. Thomely appeared
in 1893, and Memorial Brasses in Hertfordshire Churches by
Mr. W. F. Andrews, second edition, in 1903.

Other counties have been dealt with in various publications.
To Mr. Mill Stephenson, Hon. Sec. Monumental Brass Society,
I must acknowledge special indebtedness. His Monumental
Brasses in Shropshire appeared in the Archceoldgical Journal
in 1895^ His notes upon the Monumental Brasses in the East

PREFACE ix

Riding in vol. xii. of the Yorkshire Archaologiad yournal;
The West Riding in vol. xv., The North Riding also in vol.
XV. ; and The City of York in vol. xviii. ; and his papers upon
the brasses of Surrey^ Middlesex and Kent have been printed
in the Transactions of the St. Paufs Eccksiological Society ^
vols, iii., iv. and v. The Brasses of Bedfordshire by Mr. H. K.
St J. Sanderson, of Huntingdonshire by myself, a considerable
part of those of Cambridgeshire by Messrs. Charlton, Cave, and
Macalister, and of Derbyshire by Mr. Field, are listed in the
Transactions of the Monumental Brass Society, Brasses in the
Diocese of Carlisle have been described by the Rev. R. Bower
in the Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmoreland
Antiquarian and Archceological Sodiety. The Monumental
Brasses of Gloucestershire by Mr. C. T. Davis, 1897, in
Gloucestershire Notes and Queries, many of those in Dorset by
Mr. W. de C. Prideaux in the Proceedings of the Dorset
Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club, and the most
interesting of the brasses of Essex by Messrs. Miller Christy
and W. W. Porteous in the Essex Review, the Transactions of
the Essex Archceological Society, the Reliquary and Illustrated
Archceologist, in the Antiquary, and in the Transactions of the
Monumental Brass Society,

In writing of military brasses I have made some use of an
excellent treatise by Mr. J. Starkie Gardner upon Armour in
England, published in 1897 as one of the Portfolio Monographs,
but in the main I have followed Boutell. Boutell, however,
became impatient with the inferiority of the brasses of the
sixteenth century, and gave the later styles but scant treat-
ment I have also derived assistance for my chapter on the
Mediaeval Clergy from a volume upon The Development and
History of Ecclesiastical Vestments by Mr. R A. S. Macalister,
an active member of the Monumental Brass Society, published
in the Camden Library. The appendix to Chapter III. upon
Cast Metal Tombs is due to a suggestion of Dr. J. Charles
Cox, the general editor of these Antiquary s Books, For the

X THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Woolmen and the Judicial Brasses, in the appendices to
Chapter VI L, I am largely indebted to Mr. Jeans and Mr.
Davis, for their accounts of individual brasses in Lincolnshire
and Gloucestershire. From the former I have also derived
my account of the noble and sadly mutilated brasses at
Tattershall, as also much else about other brasses of his
chosen county. In the matter of Palimpsests I have relied
wholly upon Mr. Stephenson, whose work upon the subject, in
the Transactions of tfu Monumental Brass Society ^ is practically
exhaustive. My views upon the German origin and workman-
ship of the most important of those brasses which have hitherto
been called Flemish are founded upon a close examination of
the examples existing in England, and a detailed comparison
of them with the splendid illustrations of German, Flemish,
and other foreign brasses included in Mr. Creeny's Monumental
Brasses of the Continent of Europe^ published in folio in 1884.

The admirable Manual of Costume as Illustrated by
Monumental Brasses by Mr. Herbert Druitt, 1906, has ap-
peared too late for me to use, except as to a few quite minor
corrections. In most respects this book will be found to
supplement the present work in the questions with which it
especially deals.

In the matter of illustrations I have many obligations and
kindnesses to acknowledge. The plates have all been specially
prepared, but are not all necessarily original, many of them
being copied or reduced from those in other publications. As
President of the Monumental Brass Society, and with the con-
currence of the Hon. Sec., I have ventured to make free use of
illustrations which have already appeared in various numbers
of the society's Portfolio and in its Transactions. In face,
however, of a very limited circulation amongst the membership,
most of these illustrations will be new to the more general
antiquary. I have to heartily thank the Committee of the
Oxford University Antiquarian Society for permission to make
a similar use of the fruits of their work. The Merton College,

PREFACE xi

Queen's College, Chinnor, Drayton Beauchamp, Deerhurst,
Checkendon and Thornton brasses are reduced from the
Oxford Portfolio^ and the Cranley " Resurrection " from the
Society's Transactions. Mr. E. M. Beloe, junior, of King's Lynn,
has published in folio a number of the Norfolk brasses and
a complete set of those of Westminster Abbey. He has very
kindly allowed me to draw upon these, and I am indebted to
him for the originals of the Duchess of Gloucester, Archbishop
Waldeby, and Abbot Estney ; for Sir Hugh Hastings ; and
for details of the Lynn brasses. To Mr. Andrew Oliver,
A.RI.B.A., and to the Editor of the Builder^ in whose journal
some of the originals first appeared, I am equally indebted
for the fine illustration of the beautiful monastic brass at
Cowfold ; and for the Westley Waterless, Trotton and Windsor
brasses. Mr. W. D. Belcher has also allowed me to select
illustrations from his Kentish Brasses^ and with grateful thanks
I have taken the Chartham, Minster, Woodchurch, Upper
Hardres, and Hever brasses from this source. By Mr. Druitt's
kindness in sending me an advance list of his own illustra-
tions, I have been able almost entirely to avoid duplicating
with him.

The arrangement of my book, perhaps, needs a few words
of explanation. All other writers have classified the brasses
according to subject, taking, for instance, all military brasses
together, then perhaps ecclesiastical, then civil, and so forth,
or following a similar outline from century to century. I also
have done the same in my elementary manual of Monumental
Brasses, published seventeen years ago and still in print. But
in the present volume I have desired to take a wider view, and
to connect brasses more closely with the history of our country.
My periods are, therefore, in the main historic. Half of the
chapters deal with the brasses of particular epochs — Edwardian,
Flantagenet, Lancastrian, Yorkist, Tudor, and Elizabethan,
and palimpsest brasses are ranged under the Spoliation of the
Monasteries, the Suppression of Chantries, and Foreign Wars

xi THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

of Religion. It is, of course, necessary to make exceptions, and
thus all brasses of foreign workmanship, except palimpsests,
are brought together into one chapter, as are those of the
clergy down to the Reformation. Where smaller groups of
brasses required separate treatment, I have dealt with them in
special appendices, which are placed immediately after those
chapters and periods to which the principal or early examples
belong, and I believe that this arrangement.will be found to be
convenient.

H. W. M.

Houghton Conquest Rectory
Bedfordshire
1907

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

PACK

Introductory i

CHAPTER II

Brasses in the Reigns of the two first Edwards, 1272-
1327 13

The first twenty Brasses.

Appendix (i) The Engravers .... 32

(2) The Enamellers .... 35

(3) Inscriptions . ... 38
„ (4) Heraldry 41

CHAPTER III

The Golden Age of Plantagenet Rule, 1327-1399 46

Appendix. Cast-metal Tombs .... 60

CHAPTER IV
Architectural Ornament 67

Canopies, bracket-brasses, and crosses.

CHAPTER V
Foreign Workmanship 83

Periods and groups. German and Flemish Work. Reference to
Palimpsest examples.

CHAPTER VI

The MEDiiCVAL Clergy of England 100

Appendix (i) The Religious Orders. . 130

„ (2) The Universities .... 135

xiv THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

CHAPTER VII

PACB

The Lancastrian Period, 1400-1453 142

Appendix (i) The Wool-staplers ... 166
„ (2) The Legal Profession . . . . i73

CHAPTER VIII

The Wars of the Roses, 1453-1485 183

Appendix (i) Chalice Brasses . . .201

„ (2) Heart Brasses .... 205
(3) Shroud Brasses . . .210

»)

CHAPTER IX

Brasses in the Tudor Period, 1485-1547 .... 216

Appendix (i) The Edwardian and Marian

Transition 238

„ (2) Merchant Companies and their

Arms 242

CHAPTER X
Spoliation of the Monasteries 249

Palimpsest Brasses.

CHAPTER XI

The Elizabethan Revival, i 558-1625 269

Appendix (1) Caroline Decadence . -294

„ (2) The Last Few Brasses . 300

CHAPTER XII
Brasses and Despoiled Slabs 306

Condasion.

INDEX OF PLACES 317

GENERAL INDEX 330

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT

PAGB

Sir John Daubernoun, Stoke d'Abernon 15

Sir Richard de Boselyngthorpe Buslingthorpe • i?

Sir Robert de Setvans, Chartham . 20

Sir John de Creke and wife, Westley Waterless .... 24

Sir John de Northwode, Minster 26

Margarete de Camoys, Trotton 28

Joan de Northwode, Minster • • 30

Nichol de Gore, priest in cross, Woodchurch '31

John Wantele, in tabard, Amberley 43

Sir Roger le Strange, in tabard, Hunstanton .... 45

Sir Hugh Hastings, Elsing 49

Reginald de Mal^ns, in armour, and his two wives, Chinnor $1

Thomas Cheyne, Esq., Drayton Beauchamp 53

Alianore de Bohun, Westminster Abbey 57

Two Civilians, King's Somborne 59

John Strete, priest, with bracket, Upper Hardres .... 74

John Bloxham and John Whytton, priests, on canopied bracket,

Merton College, Oxford 77

Robert de Paris and wife, with octofoil cross, Hildersham . .81

Robert Braunche and his two wives (section), King's Lynn. 85

Pictorial compartment from below the feet of Adam de Walsokne,

King's Lynn 86

Lower sinister section of the Braunche Brass .... 87

Upper dexter section of the same 89

Portion of dexter lady in the same 90

Thomas Pownder and wife, Ipswich 96

xvi THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

PAGB

Dr. Duncan Liddel, Aberdeen 98

Archbishop Waldcby, Westminster Abbey 107

Bishop Robinson, Queen's College, Oxford iii

Abbot Estney, Westminster Abbey 113

Archdeacon Fynexs, Bury St. Edmund's 117

Robert Langton, priest, Queen's College, Oxford . • 119

Henry de Codryngtoun, priest, Bottesford 121

Stole from Brass formerly at Oulton 125

Maniple from Brass at Northfleet 125

Amice from Brass at Ockham 126

Prior Nelond, Cowfold 134

Provost Argentein, King's College, Cambridge .138

Lord Camoys and wife, Trotton 145

Sir John Lysle, Thruxton 151

Sir Thomas Bullen, Hever 155

Richard Martyn and wife, Dartford ... 159

John Fortey, woolman, Northleach 169

Arms of the Staple of Calais, St. Olave's, Hart Street 170

William Browne, woolman, and wife, Stamford . . .172

Sir John Cassy, Chief Baron of the Exchequer, and wife, Deerhurst 174
Sir William Yelverton, Justice of the King's Bench, Rougham . 177
John Rede, Serjeant-at-law, Checkendon . .179

A Notary, Ipswich 181

Robert Ingylton, Esq., and his three wives, Thornton . . .184

Sir Thomas Shemborne, Shernbome 189

Sir Thomas Stathum and his two wives, Morley . '193

Sir Thomas Urswyk and wife, Dagenham 196

Chalice from Brass at Wensley 202

Chalice-brass at Bawburgh 204

Chalice from Brass at Holwell 204

Thomas Knyghtley, Esq., Fawsley . 209

Shrouded figure of William Robert, Digswell .212

Shrouded figure of Philipp Tenison, Bawburgh . .215

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

xvii

Canon Honywode, Windsor Castle

Richard Conquest, Esq., and wife, Houghton Conquest

Lord le Strange and wife, Hillingdon

John Shelley, Esq., and wife, Clapham

Henry Hatche and wife, Faversham

Annunciation from Brass of William Porter, Hereford

Resurrection from Brass of Robert Hardyng, Cranley

Sir Humfrey Style, in tabard, Beckenham

Arms of the Mercers Company, St. 01ave*s, Hart Street

Arms of the Merchant Tailors Company, Great St. Helen's

Arms of the Salters Company, All Hallows Barking

Arms of the Brewers Company, All Hallows Barking

Palimpsest Brass of Isabell Copleston, Yealmpton

Sir Henry Sacheverell and wife, Morley

Nicholas Wadham, Esq., and wife, Ilminster

William Dunche, Esq., and wife, Little Wittenham

Richard Gadburye, Eyworth

Margaret Chute, Marden

Bedstead Brass to Anne Savage, Wormington
Provost Airay, Queen's College, Oxford .

James Cotrel, York Minster

A Lady, Launceston

Cradle-brass to Dorothy King, Windsor Castle .

Robert Shiers, Esq., Great Bookham

Despoiled Slab of Bishop Beaumont, Durham Cathedral

PAGE

221
224
229
232
236

241

246
246
248
262
271

273
278

281

283

285

291

293
299

3Pi
304
314

LIST OF PLATES

TO FACB PAGE

Statuettes from Tomb of Edward III., Westminster Abbey. . 62

Walter Pescod, Boston 70

Laurence de St. Maur, priest, Higham Ferrers . .101

TABLE OF CHRONOLOGICAL LISTS

PAGB

The First Twenty Brasses 14

Knights in Transitional Armour 47

Military Figures of the Later Plantagenet Period .... 52

Ladies of the Same, pourt rayed alone 55

CtviUan Brasses of the Same 56

Canopies of the Fifteenth Century 71

Bracket Brasses of the Fourteenth Century 75

Bracket Brasses of the Fifteenth Century • • • 75

Bracket Brasses of the Sixteenth Century 76

Floriated Crosses with Figures 78

Octofoil ditto 79

Crosses without Figures 80

Brasses of Foreign Workmanship, Fourteenth Century 84

The Same in Later Periods 95

Priests in Eucharistic Vestments 104

Archbishops, Bishops, and Abbots, in Pontificals . .112

Priests in Surplice and Almuce 116

Priests vested in the Cope 120

Priests in Cassock only 124

Members of the Religious Orders 131

Academical Brasses 139

Military Figures of the Early Lancastrian Period .... 148
The Same in Mixed Mail and Plate Armour .150

The Same in Complete Plate 150

Military Figures of the Later Lancastrian Period. .156

The Same with Further Developments 157

XX THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

PAGB

Civilian Brasses of the Same Period i6i

Brasses to the Wool Merchants 167

Judicial Brasses of the Early Fifteenth Century . .173

The Same in the Latter Half of the Century .176

The Same in the Sixteenth Century 178

Serjeants-at-law 180

Military Figures of the Yorkist Period 187

Tabard Brasses of the Same 192

Ladies of the Same, pourtrayed alone 197

Civilian Brasses of the Same 200

The Yorkshire Chalice Brasses 202

The Norfolk Chalice Brasses 203

Chalice Brasses in other Counties 204

Heart Brasses of the Simplest Type 205

Hearts upheld by Hands 207

Heart Brasses of Various Types 207

Shroud Brasses of the Fifteenth Century 211

The Same to the Death of Henry VIII 213

Later Shroud Brasses 214

Military Figures in the Reign of Henry VII 222

The Same in the Reign of Henry VIII 223

Tabard Brasses in the Tudor Period . , \. . 230

Military Figures of the Edwardian Transition . ' . . 239

The Latest Tabard Brasses 240

Palimpsests with English Reverses 256

The Same from Portions of Foreign Brasses .258

Military Figures of the Elizabethan Period 276

Post-Reformation Ecclesiastics 286

Caroline Clergy 295

Military Figures in the Reign of Charles 1 296

Commonwealth Brasses 300

Brasses from the Restoration to End of Seventeenth Century . 302

Brasses of the Eighteenth Century 305

THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTORY

MEMORIALS of the dead have taken many forms.
And, strangely enough, these forms often stand apart
from one another so widely that they may require to
be studied separately — not, indeed, in watertight compart-
ments, but in such a way as to receive definitely distinctive
treatment

This is the case with the engraved memorial brasses which
form the subject of the present work, as students have freely
recognized for the last half-century. And thus the name
Brasses is commonly taken to refer only to such memorials,
and in these pages a brass will uniformly mean a brass plate
which is engraved, with inscription, figure, coat-of-arms, religious
symbol, or the like, and which is also a memorial or part of a
memorial to the dead.

MATERIAL

Strictly speaking, the material used is not brass at all,
but an alloy consisting of about 6o parts copper, 30 zinc, and
10 of lead and tin. The result is a peculiarly hard metal,
capable of resisting much rough usage. Indeed, brasses are
often nearly as perfect now as when they were first laid down,

B I

2 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

and have frequently outlasted not only their companion monu-
ments of other kinds, but the stone or marble slabs in which
they have themselves been set, and the very buildings which
originally contained them.

The ancient name for the metal was latten, and it was
manufactured e^dclusively on the Continent — at least until the
middle of the sixteenth century — in Flanders and Germany,
and particularly at Cologne, whence it was imported into
England in rectangular pieces known as Cullen plates, to be
cut out and engraved by English workmen and artists.

ADVANTAGES

The advantages gained by the use of brasses in place of
more imposing monuments of carved stone are sufficiently
obvious. A brass occupied no valuable space. A casement
or matrix was made in the gravestone, and the brass sunk to
the level of the surrounding pavement Far greater variety of
treatment could be obtained, and the monumental brass could
be, and was, made to suit all classes of the community, from
persons of the humblest ranks to those of the highest, according
to their means.

ARTISTIC TREATMENT

In spite of certain limitations, brasses may be looked upon
as distinctly works of art ; not necessarily beautiful, but full of
purpose and instruction. Great care was taken to represent
faithfully the costume of each period, and this was done so
exactly that the date of a brass, where the inscription has been
lost, can usually be ascertained with precision from the dress
or armour worn, as well as from the general character of the
engraving.

Gross extravagances of costume are seldom to be found,
and the art is remarkable for its sobriety and good taste. It
is probable that the artists worked from definite types, which

INTRODUCTORY 3

had to be adapted to each case. They also seem to have
lai^ely copied from the stone monuments and sculptured
effigies which preceded them in point of date, and were con-
tinued side by side with them through every period. Thus it
was usual to depict the figures as though they were recumbent,
with the head pillowed upon cushion or helmet, and the feet
resting against a lion or a hound. It was not until the late
and declining periods that brasses became pictorial, and actual
portraits of those who were commemorated seldom appear to
have been attempted much before the reign of Elizabeth.
The material best lends itself to the use of dignified types,
with broad lines and simple treatment, both in design and
execution.

RISE, PROGRESS, AND DECLINE

It will be found that the history of brass-engraving
falls naturally into definite periods, each with its special
characteristics.

In the widest sense the periods will correspond with those
of contemporary architecture, and this will help to explain why
brasses begin at their very best, and then, after a single century
of great excellence, gradually decline, with architecture, until
they are lost in the classic revival. In a more restricted sense
they roughly correspond with dynastic changes in English
history, and will be so treated in the present volume.

The first period covers the reigns of Edward I. and
Edward II., 1272-1327, the earliest existing brass in England
dating from 1277. Not that this was actually the first laid
down, for there are records or matrices of a few of earlier date,
though probably they were never very numerous. In St.
Paul's Church, Bedford, lies a slab with the worn matrix of a
large Latin cross, 69 by 30 inches, with serrated or indented
edges ; it sprang from a quadrangular plate, 17 by 9 inches,
and on either side of the head there was a small shield. At

4 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

the north edge are faint traces of the matrix of a border fillet
This is believed to be the memorial of Sir Simon de Beauchamp,
1 208, thus mentioned by Leland {Iter.^ vol. i. fol. 1 16) : " He
lieth afore the high altar of St Paul's Church in Bedford, with
this epitaphie graven in brass and set on a flat stone, *De
Bello Campo jacet hie sub Marmore Simon foundator de
Newenham.' "

Nothing else is recorded until nearly the middle of the
century, when there were brasses to Jocelyn, Bishop of Wells,
in Wells Cathedral, 1242; Rich, de Berkyng, Abbot of
Westminster, in episcopal vestments, in Westminster Abbey,
1246 ; and Bingham, Bishop of Salisbury, 1247, ^ cross fleury
and demi-iigure on the north side of the choir of Salisbury
Cathedral. There was also at L3niwode, in Lincolnshire, a
small cross-legged military figure, of which the matrix still
remains in excellent condition. William of York, Bishop of
Salisbury, had in 1256 a similar tomb to that of Bingham,
with the demi-figure of a bishop, but nq cross ; and this also
remains in the choir of his cathedral, upon the floor of the
south aisle.

Next comes the mail-clad efligy of Sir John Daubemoun,
and his is the first English brass still existing. This well-
known brass introduces the first group of examples, which,
being few in number, are all enumerated and described at
some length in the next chapter. For the most part they
represent recumbent effigies, are frequently of the size of life,
and appear to be copied from the prevailing types of effigial
stone monuments. But they are not portraits, and the features
are conventional Architectural canopies appear in the second
part of the period, from the commencement of the reign of
Edward II., and heraldry is represented from the very beginning.
The artistic treatment is bold and effective, and though the
drawing may not be always strictly correct, there is a dignity
and breadth of feeling not often reached in later periods. The
plates of metal used are thicker and better than those of any

INTRODUCTORY 5

succeeding age, the engraved lines have been more deeply
incised, and the existing brasses have suffered little from the
action of time and wean

The second period is that of Edward III. and Richard II.,
from 1 327- 1 399. Brasses become more numerous, about one
hundred and forty being known, and they represent many
varying types. In one direction they advance to their
highest point of excellence, in size, beauty, and elaboration
of detail ; in another, they now begin to include memorials of
the great middle class, which historically was rising steadily in
importance and influence.

The lesser nobility, knights and squires, with their ladies,
are, as one would expect, amply represented. So is the
priesthood, together with a few of the higher ecclesiastics, such
as Trilleck, Bishop of Hereford, Robert Wyvil and John de
Waltham, Bishops of Salisbury, Archbishop Waldeby of York,
and Delamere, Abbot of St. Albans.

Wealthy merchants, as Adam de Walsokne and Robert
. Braunche of Lynn, with Alan Fleming of Newark, claim some
of the most splendid brasses which have ever been engraved,
either in this country or on the continent of Europe. But, at
the same time, there appear many small and simple brasses of
unknown civilians, which are, in their way, of as high im-
portance as those of their wealthier and nobler contemporaries,
because of the witness they bear to the development of the
people of England.

Most of the brasses of this golden period are included in
the lists and appendices of the third chapter. They exhibit
the costume of the time with considerable completeness,
omitting only the greatest extravagancies of fashion, which may
be better seen in illuminated manuscripts. Architectural acces-
sories are at their best, and there are many examples of iine
canopy and tabernacle work, with brackets and rich floriated
crosses. This is, of course, to be expected of an age which
had just seen the erection of the Lantern of Ely, and witnessed

6 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

the completion of the great Minster at York. And it is not
without reason that the best period of the art of engraving
memorial brasses should be associated with the Decorated
style of architecture which prevailed throughout the greater
part of the fourteenth century, and exhibits the most complete
and perfect development of Gothic. For this, in the Early
English style, is 3aid to have been not fully matured, and in
the Perpendicular to have begun to decline.

The third period is the Lancastrian, from 1400 to 1453.
About five hundred figure-brasses may be referred to it, and
many important changes occur. The long '' Hundred Years'
War" with France brought about a rapid development in the
use of arms and armour, common to all the nations of Western
Europe.

Since the military equipment was the same for all, it would
have been impossible to distinguish by their armour alone the
soldiers of opposing forces. Heraldry, therefore, is of the first
importance, and is introduced into almost all the brasses of
those who were entitled by law or custom to the bearing
of arms.

There are still a great number of really fine brasses,
but it is nevertheless evident that the art of engraving has
passed its highest point, and that a decline has begun. The
figures are often excessively stiff and conventional, and the
lines not so deeply or so boldly incised as heretofore.

It has been said that arms and armour were European
rather than English. In other directions, England was
becoming far more English than it had ever been before.
The langu£^e of the earlier inscriptions was Latin or French.
The French now disappears, and gives place to the English of
Wycliffe and Chaucer, with epitaphs in verse as well as sober
prose, and much to be learnt from both.

The fourth period is that of the Wars of the Roses, 1453-
1485, and is of no little interest England, for the first time
since the Norman Conquest, was cut off from the rest of

INTRODUCTORY 7

Europe, and free to develope along her own lines. The inter-
necine wars had little effect upon the life of the people, and
brasses are just as numerous as before. Trade symbols and
merchants' marks become common, and the great guilds
and companies were widening in power and influence.

In armour there are many changes, and here alone can
be seen the traces of civil strife. Distinguishing and party
badges, collars, and devices are freely depicted, and heraldry
is more needful than ever. It also became usual for knights
and squires to wear tabards-of-arms over their body armour,
and for their ladies to appear in heraldic kirtles and mantles.

The fifth period is the Tudor, from 1485 to 1558. Its
brasses are altogether distinct from those that go before or
come after, both in style and artistic treatment They are
vastly inferior, in spite of the revival of learning, and in spite
of the culture of the Renaissance, or perhaps because of them.
The medieval arts were dying, and giving place to others.
Yet brasses were very widely used, and by all sorts and
conditions of men. They were smaller, cheaper, more easily
obtained, and there was more money to spend upon them.
New developments abound, and this is particularly the age of
special classes, such as Chalice Brasses for the memorials of
priests. Heart Brasses, Shrouded Figures, and Skeletons. All
these, it is true, had already been sparingly introduced, but
now became popular, and were fully developed. Canopies are
comparatively rare, but it began to be a common practice to
engrave small rectangular brasses, which were usually mounted
upon a stone framework, and affixed to the wall instead of
the floor.

After the death of Henry VIII. there comes a marked
pause, the sign of the religious changes through which the
country was passing, and there are few brasses of the reigns of
Edward VI. or Queen Mary.

The sixth period begins with Elizabeth, and after the
middle of the century there comes a great revival, not in the

8 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

beauty, but in the use of brasses. For the first time the metal
itself was manufactured in England, instead of being imported
from Flanders and Germany ; but it was a distinctly inferior
metal, and was cast, or more probably rolled, in thin plates,
which have worn grievously. Armour is occasionally, but not
often, shown, and the clergy appear in ordinary civil costume.

Throughout the reign of James I. brasses are as numerous
as before, and of the same type ; but there are only a few of
later date, and those of an even greater inferiority. In the
eighteenth century the ancient art dies out altogether.

DIRECTIONS GIVEN IN EXISTING WILLS

It sometimes happens that full directions for the preparing
and laying down of brasses are to be found in existing wills.
An interesting example, dated November 5, 1378, was com-
municated to the ArcJuBological Journal^ vol. xv. pp. 268,
269, and has been quoted by Haines and others. It refers to
the making of two brasses, of which the second still exists in
the parish church of Bray, in Berkshire, A.D. 1378, to the
memory of Sir John de Foxley and his two wives, who are
represented in heraldic dresses, and standing upon a mutilated
bracket, from which the canopies are now lost.

He wills that his executors should cause to be prepared a
marble slab for the tomb of his parents in the chapel of All
Saints in the church of Bray, and that they should have the
stone well furnished with effigies, inscription, etc., in metal,
according to the ordering and opinion of his very reverend
lord the Bishop of Winchester. A similar monument, the one
now extant, was also to be prepared for himself.

" Item, vole et ordino quod executores mei de bonis patris mei
emant unum lapidem marmoreum pro tumulo dicti patris mei et
matris mee in capella omnium sanctorum in ecclesia de Braye pre-
dicta, et quod faciant dictum lapidem parari decenter cum ymagine,
scriptura, etc., de metallo ; videlicet^ dicti patris mei in armis suis, et

INTRODUCTORY 9

matris mee in armis pictis, videlicet, de armis dicti patris mei et
matris mee predicte, et volo qtiod quoad ordinacionem dicti lapidis
ezecutores mei totaliter faciant juxta ordinacionem et consensum
domini mei reverendissimi^ domini Wyntoniensis Episcopi.

'' Item, volo et dispono quod predicti executores mei emant unum
alium lapidem marmoreum sufficientem pro tumulo meo, cum sepultus
fuero ; et quod dictum lapidem parari faciant cum scriptura et jrmagine
de metallo, videlicet, mei ipsius in armis meis, et uxoris mee defiuicte
ex parte dextra dicte ymaginis mee in armis pictis^ videlicet de armis
meis et dicte uxoris mee ; et cum ymagine uxoris mee nunc viventis,
in armis meis, ex parte sinistra dicte ymaginis mee."

Passing to the middle of the sixteenth century, a further
example may be given from the will of Thos. Salter, chantry
priest of St. Nicholas Aeon, in the city of London. The will
is dated August 31, and proved December 19, 1558. It is
quoted by Mr. J. Challenor Smith, F.S.A., in the Transactions
of the Monumental Brass Society^ vol. iv. p. 136. The testator
desires to be buried *' in our ladie chappell w^ in the parishe
church of St Magnus," and gives full directions for a brass to
be laid down to his memory in the following words : —

" I will haue a graye m(ar)ble stone leyd vpon my grave of the
full length and bredth of my saide grave and before the said stone
be layed vpon my grave I will that there be an image of a priest
w' an albe and a vestment upon him graven in copper of a cunynge
m(ar)bler that dwellithe in sancte Dunstons p(ar)ishe in the west
agaynste the sowth syde of the churche and that the saide image be
iii fote in length and that the saide image do holde in bothe his
handes the similitude of a co(n)secrate ooste in a su(n)ne beame
apearinge right aboue the chalice that the said image holdeth in
bothe his handes vnder the saide su(n)ne beame and the eyes
of the ymmage to be grauen cloosed together as all dead mens
eyes ought so to be and a Ijrttle aboue the said ymages heade I
will haue a roUe grauen in copper and ther sett and these wordes
nexte foUowinge to be grauen in yt thus saying Miserere mei
deus secundum magnam m(isericord)iam tuam And right and iust
vnder the said ymages foote I will that ther be a large plate of copper

lo THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

laied and made lyke a tablett of Antick fac(i)on And in the said
tablet I will have theise wordes nexte following graven in it this
sayinge In the grace and greate mercye of God here lyeth vnder
this marble stone the bodie of Thomas Salter priest sometyme of
London whiche departed from this tra(n)sytore li£f vnto allmyghtie

God vppon the day of the moneth and in the yere of our

lord god MV^LVIII he then being of thage iiii score yeres vnto
whose sowle allmyghtie god be mercefiU Amen And right vndre
and nexte ioyned vnto the said copper plate I will haue graven in a
skutchin of copper the Armes of the salters companye bycause I was
in my youth one of the said companye and lyverey."

In carrying out such directions as those just given, it would
be usual for the engravers or tomb-makers to draw up and sign
a formal contract or indenture for the work which was to be
done.

In the ArchcBological Journaly vol. viii. p. i86, an indenture
of this kind is given, made in 1580 between the executors of
Thos. Fermor, Esq., of Somerton, Oxon, and Richard and
Gabriel Roiley, tomb-makers, of Burton-on-Trent. It is for
an alabaster tomb, not a brass, but would do as well for the
one as the other, and may be taken as a typical specimen.

The contractors agree to make "a very faire decent and well
p'portioned picture or portrature of a gentleman representing y" said
Thomas Fermor w**" furniture and omamentes in armour, and about
his necke a double cheyne of gold w**" creste and helmette under his
head, w*^ sword and dagger by his side, and a lion at his feete, and
in or on the uttermoste parte of the uppermoste parte of the said
Tumbe a decent and p'fect picture or portraiture of a faire gentle-
woman w*^ a Frenche-hood, edge and abiliment, w^ all other apparell
furniture Jewells omamentes and thinges in all respectes usuall, decent^
and semely, for a gentlewoman." . . . Also "decent and usuall
pictures of, or for, one sonne or (sic) two daughters of y' said Thomas
Fermor w'** their severall names of Baptism over or under y* said
pictures, severally and orderly w"* scutcheons in their handes, whereof
y*" said sonne to be pictured in armour and as liveinge, and y" one
of y" said daughters to be pictured in decent order and as liveinge,

INTRODUCTORY ii

and y* other daughter to be pictured as dieinge in y*' cradle or
swathes." . . . Also four shields with '^ trew armes " of the deceased
and his two wives, and a Latin inscription given at full length.

THE COST OF BRASSES

The cost is frequently given, and varied very considerably.
Twenty marks was the price allowed for the marble stone and
life-sized brass effigies of Sir John de St Quintin and his two
wives at Brandsburton, Yorks., 1397, but only one of the
wives is represented. Ten pounds were bequeathed by Sir
Thos. Ughtred, at about the same time, in 1398, for a marble
stone to be inlaid "<yim duabus ymaginibus patris mei et
matris meae^ de laton, sculptis in armis meis et in armis de les
Burdons, ad ponendum super sepulchrum domini Thomae
Ughtred patris mei, et Willielmi iilii mei, in ecclesia parochiali
de Catton dictae Ebon dioceseos."

In 1405 Thos. Graa left 100 shillings '^ ad unum lapidem
marmoreum super corpus meum ponendum cum imaginibus
mei et Matildis nuper uxoris meae impressis."

In 147 1 eight marks was sufficient for the brass of Sir
John Curson and his lady at Bylaugh, Norfolk, consisting of
two figures, about 3^^ feet high, four shields, and an inscription.
£6 I jr. 4//. was bequeathed for the brass of Wm. Catisby,
Esq., and his wife Mai^aret, in 1505, at Ashby St. Legers,
Northants., in which they are represented in heraldic dresses
under a fine double canopy. The brass figure of Robert
Goseboume, 1523, a priest in academicals, at St Alphege,
Canterbury, measures 27 inches, and has an inscription in six
lines and four shields. This, with its marble stone, cost
£4 ^os.

A very late and extremely interesting account is copied
by Mr. C. T. Davis, in the Transactions of the Mon, Brass
Soc.^ vol. iii. p. 184, from an Inventory of Writs in the
Burgh of Aberdeen, which gives the entire cost of the brass of
Dr. Duncan Liddel, 161 3, mural in the Old or West Church

12 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

of that town. It is a large sheet of metal, measuring 5 feet
S inches by 2 feet 1 1 inches, was engraved at Antwerp, and will
be found more fully described in the chapter upon Foreign
Workmanship (cf. illustration, p. 98). The metal was com-
puted to weigh 219 lbs., and cost £31 os. 6d. The engraving
came to £$i more, including a bounty of "2 kinkins of
salmond," valued at ;^3. Expenses of transport, custom-house
dues, etc, amounted to £^7 1 5^ . ; but the bulk of it was for
three voyages made to Antwerp on behalf of the executors.
It was, therefore, an expensive brass, the total being ;^i2i
15^. 6^., and an additional sum of ten Scotch pounds ''for
sinking the same in ye steane & Laying yroff to Alexander
Wyisman."

CHAPTER II

BRASSES IN THE REIGNS OF THE TWO FIRST

EDWARDS

Edward I. 1272-1307
Edward II. 1307-1327

IT is to be noted that when monumental brasses were first
introduced into England, they were not in any sense
copied from foreign examples, but were at once designed
and engraved in a definitely English style, which maintained
its own characteristics through all subsequent changes and
developments.

In Germany the earliest existing brasses are those of
Bishop Iso von Wilpe, 123 1, and Bishop Otto de Brunswick,
1279, at Verden and Hildesheim, in Hanover. The figures
are engraved upon rectangular plates of metal, and surrounded
by border inscriptions, the Verden brass, however, being
slightly wider at the head than at the foot But the rect-
angular arrangement is followed in almost all continental
brasses, and the ground filled in usually with elaborate
tabernacle and diaper work.

In England the plan is altogether different. The ground-
work is the actual gravestone, and figures, inscriptions,
canopies, coats-of-arms, etc, are all let into separate casements
until the design is complete.

Leaving matrices out of account, there yet remain some
twenty memorials of the first period, all well known, and

13

14 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

enumerated below. They include eleven figures of kn^hts or
gentlemen in armour, five priests and one archbishop, five
ladies, of whom three are associated with their husbands, and
one gentleman in civil dress.

From this we may gather that the earlier brasses were
chiefly military and ecclesiastical, and we shall find that these
two classes will always claim a large share of our attention.
A little later the middle classes rose to greater prominence,
and adopted the monumental brass as their own, to such a
degree that these memorials bear a special witness to the
history of the common life of England.

It will now be necessary to give a complete list of the first
twenty brasses in the order of their known or approximate
dates : —

Stoke d'Abemon, Surrey, 1277, Sir John Daubemoun.

Tmmpington, Cambs., 1289^ Sir Roger de Trumpington.

Buslingthorpe, Lines., circa 1290, Sir Richard de Boselyngthorpe.

Croft, Lines., c, 1300, a man in armour.

Acton, Suffolk, 1302, Sir Robert de Bures.

Chartham, Kent, 1306, Sir Robert de Setvans.

Trotton, Sussex, c. 1310, Margarete de Camoys.

Merton College, Oxford, c, 13 10, Rich, de Hakebourne, priest.

York Mmster, 131 5, Archbishop Wm. de Grenefeld.

Pebmarsh, Essex, c, 1320, a knight of the Fitzralph family.

Gorleston, Suffolk, c. 1320, a knight of the Bacon family.

Cobham, Kent, c. 1320, Joan de Cobham.

Woodchurch, Kent, c. 1320, Nichol de Gore, priest.

Chinnor, Oxon., c. 1320, head of priest in cross.

Kemsing, Kent, c. 1320, Thos. de Hop, priest.

Wantage, Berks., c. 1320, a priest

Westley Waterless, Cambs., c. 1325, Sir John de Creke and wife.

East Wickham, Kent, c. T325, John de Bladigdone and wife.

Stoke d'Abemon, Surrey, 1327, Sir John Daubemoun.

Minster in Sheppey, Kent, c. 1330, Sir John de Northwode and wife.

These early brasses are all of extreme importance, and will
require to be dealt with at some length.

THE TWO FIRST EDWARDS 15

Sir John Daubernoun the elder lies upon the jiavement
of the vill^e church of Stoke d'Abemon, halfway between
Kingston and Guildford, and is represented
by a fine life-sized figure, measuring 68
inches from heels to bead, with a total
length of 76 inches. He is dressed in a
complete suit of chain mail, of which the
separate parts, hawberk, coif de mailles,
and chausses, are not distinguishable. The
gloves alone show a dividing line at the
wrist The knees are also protected by
genouilli^res, either of leather or metal,
stamped or chased with a bold pattern,
and single-pointed prick spurs are buckled
round the ankles. Over the mail is worn
a long linen surcoat, confined at the waist
by a plain cord, and with the lower part
open in front and exposing the knees. A
small heater-shaped shield, charged with
the wearer's arms, axure, a chevron or, is
suspended upon the left shoulder by an
ornamental guige or strap buckled on the
right side. The cross-hilted sword, in a "\^o||;;, ",*"'""
plain scabbard, is attached to a broad hip- stoke d'abernon,
belt in front of the body. In this brass *"'"'^^

alone a lance is placed on the knight's right arm, with a
fringed pennon, chained, like the shield, with his heraldic
chevron.

Substantially this is the armour which had been worn
during the past three centuries, and it is particularly fortunate
to the student of brasses that his examples begin at such a
time, on the eve of a long series of rapid and interesting
changes, which end only with the total abandonment of
armour.

The linen surcoat was a recent addition ; the mail itself.

i6 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

worn over a padded and quilted gambeson, was the panoply
of the Norman Conquest, the Crusades, and the Angevin
Dominion. Changes were soon to come in the form of
additional defences of leather and plate, but these are heralded
only by the genouilli&res attached to the knees.

The development of armour is very clearly and sufficiently
shown in the next half-score of examples. Their number, as
compared with the stone effigies of the time, is no doubt small.
It is, however, thoroughly representative. Each one has been
illustrated, not once, but many times, and is therefore familiar
to every student — an advantage not to be found when we
enter upon succeeding periods. Sir John Daubemoun the
elder, for instance, has been figured nearly twenty times. Sir
Roger de Trumpington and Sir Robert de Bures at least ten
times each, and the rest almost as often.

All are life-size, or nearly so, with the exception of the two
Lincolnshire examples, which are small demi-figures set in
large stone slabs, and surrounded by border inscriptions in
Lombardic capitals. No dates are given, and it is possible
that the Buslingthorpe brass, which is of the earlier character
of the two, may indeed precede even that of Sir John Dauber-
noun, and take rank at the head of the entire list Various
dates have been suggested by different writers, from 1280, "or
earlier," to 13 10. As the brass is here illustrated, not alone,
but with the whole of its interesting coffin-shaped slab, it will
be possible for the reader to judge for himself. The form is
certainly an early one, and can hardly be later than the year
1290. The small object in the hands of the knight appears
to be a heart, and it will be noticed that a shield-of-arms was
placed immediately below the demi-figure. The slab and
brass were discovered buried in the year 1707, and are now
reared against the south wall of the nave. Sir Richard is
represented in hawberk and coif of chain-mail, gloves of very
small, overlapping plates, like fish-scales, a surcoat, and plain
ailettes upon the shoulders. The Croft brass is certainly later.

i8 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

by perhaps about ten years, and is set in a full-sized slab of
Purbeck marble, now much broken, upon the nave pavement
The lettering around the margin is very defaced, and there
seem to have been evangelistic symbols at the corners. The
knight wears banded instead of chain mail, and has no ailettes.

The cross-legged effigy of Sir Roger de Trumpington is
more important Here we see again the above-mentioned
and curious ailettes, being ornamental wings of fringed leather.
They are in this instance, and usually, charged with the arms
of the wearer. Here also we see, for the first time, the great
helm, not worn upon the head, but used as a pillow. It seems
to have been introduced only during the reign of Richard I.,
and was generally carried at the saddle bow, except at the
moment of actual onset Lest it should be dropped or struck
off and lost, it was secured by a chain, which is seen fastened
to the cord which girds Sir Roger's surcoat His coat-of-arms,
azure^ crusuly and two trumpets in pale or^ appears no less
than seven times — first upon the shield on his left arm, then
on the ailettes, and four times on the scabbard of his sword.
On the ailettes and scabbard it is differenced by a label of five
points. The brass is let into a slab of Purbeck marble on an
altar-tomb between the north aisle and a chapel on the north
side of it, in Trumpington Church, which is close to Cambridge.
Over the tomb rises an ogee arch of masonry, much enriched
with semi-quatrefoils and foliage. It is known that in the
year 1270 this knight assumed the cross and accompanied
Prince Edward to the Holy Land. So far as can be ascer-
tained, he is the only crusader who is commemorated by a
monumental brass.

Sir Robert de Bures, at Acton, the finest military figure in
the entire list of the brasses of all periods, is distinguished by
the excellent way in which all the details are carried out.
The chain-mail is most carefully engraved, and the fringed
surcoat is slightly gathered over the elaborate sword-belt, as
well as confined at the waist by a cord. The hilt and pommel

THE TWO FIRST EDWARDS 19

of the sword are highly decorative, but the distinguishing
features, and those which show the development of costume,
are to be found at and around the knees. Below the skirt of
the mail hawberk are seen the gamboised, or padded and
quilted trews, called " cuisseaux gamboisez," which cover the
chausses from the knee upwards ; this garment, having its
surface usually of silk, or other costly material, is here richly
embroidered with the fleur-de-lys, and an ornament resembling
in shape the Greek lyre, disposed alternately in lozenges,
formed by the reticulation of silken cords. The handsome
knee-pieces were probably made of " cuir-bouilli," or boiled
leather. The shield resembles that of Sir Roger de Trump-
ington, and is charged with the arms of De Bures. Ermine^
an a chief indented sable^ 3 lioncds rampant or. The inscrip-
tion was in separate letters of brass, all of which are gone ;
but where the stone has not been too much chipped and worn,
they may still be deciphered. At least, the name, robertvs
D£ BV£RS, is legible, or was so in Cotman's time, and he
gave or suggested the greater part of the rest : " Yci gyst Sir
Robert de Buers . . . Qui pur Talme piyera . . . jours de
pardon avera."

The Chartham knight is bareheaded, with his coif de
mailles thrown back, while his mail gloves hang down from
his wrists and show the buttoned cuffs of his tunic sleeves
beneath. Again the knees claim special attention, for here
small scalloped plates are fastened to quilted cuisseaux, and
the edge is seen of a haqueton, the padded garment worn
under the hawberk. His shield and ailettes upon the
shoulders are charged with the winnowing-fans from which
he takes his name, and small fans are also embroidered upon
his surcoat. The scabbard of his sword is wholly ornamented.
It is curious to note that the engraving of the chain mail in
this brass was never completed, except for a few inches at the
right instep. The rest of the mail is sketched out, but not
finished. It is possible that the proper cutting of all the

THE TWO FIRST EDWARDS 2j

little links proved too laborious and expensive a task. The
grandfather of this knight, who died in 1249, was present
with Richard I. at Acre ; but Sir Robert himself does not
appear to have joined the crusade, though there is record of
his having repeatedly performed good service to his sovereign
at home. The last occasion was at the siege of Caerlaverock,
in 1300, at which siege John de Northwode, whose brass is at
Minster, received knighthood from Edward I. The king had
made a raid over the Scotch border into Annandale and
Galloway, with 2000 horse and 9000 foot, and Caerlaverock,
just north of Solway Firth, held out against him for forty
days, garrisoned by only eighty men, who at last were forced
to surrender. It was a great occasion in the annals of chivalry.
There is said to be a striking similarity in design and general
treatment exhibited between the Chartham brass and a
sculptured effigy in the Temple Church, probably that of
William Lord de Ros, who died in 1317 ; also with the effigy
of Brian Lord Fitz-Alan, 1302, in Bedale Church, Yorkshire.

The effigies at Pebmarsh, which is a small village near
Halstead, and at Gorleston, on the Suffolk coast next to
Yarmouth, take us into the reign of Edward XL, and have
both been assigned to the approximate date of 1320. Both
were originally ornamented with canopies, which have entirely
disappeared, and both figures are mutilated, the latter having
lost the lower part of the legs and of the feet. Indeed, in the
year 18 10, the Gorleston brass had altogether gone,. and was
supposed to be irretrievably lost ; but at the sale of Mr.
Craven Ord's curiosities — the Craven Ord whose collection
of brass-prints is in the British Museum — it was purchased by
John Gage, Esq., who with correct feeling and good taste
gave it back to the church, and Dawson Turner, Esq., at his
expense, had it replaced in its original position. It is very
uncertain for what individual the monument was intended.
Arms are engraved upon the knight's shield, A bend lozengy^
en a chief two mullets of 6 points pierced. Taking the field

22 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

to be gules^ the chief argent^ and the mullets sable^ these
would be of the family of Bacon, if it were not for the bend
lozengy, though it may have been merely added to the other
bearings. It is also said that the feet once rested on a boar's
head, which was the Bacon crest. There was also at one time
a large companion slab, now destroyed, on which there had
formerly been the brass effigy of a lady, with an inscription in
separate letters round the edge. A few only were legible,
but it seems to have commemorated a certain Joan Bacon.

The beginnings of a great development now appear in the
addition of pieces of plate armour. In course of time plate
was entirely to take the place of the mail of the crusaders, but
the change, like most other changes, was a gradual one. Both
in the Pebmarsh and Gorleston brasses we find that the
outsides of the upper and fore arms are protected by steel
plates strapped over the mail, small elbow-pieces are also
attached, and round plates are fastened in front of the
shoulders and at the bend of the arms. Their technical names
respectively are demi-brassarts, vambraces, coudi^res, and
palettes or roundels. Shin-plates are also found, called
jambarts, and these are continued from the ankles by lames,
or small plates riveted to one another, over the front of the
feet, and thus forming mixed sollerets of mail and plate.

The Pebmarsh example is the finer of the two, and here
the genouilli^res are particularly handsome, being engraved
with a large rose and circle of leaves. The shield is rounded
to the body, while that of the Gorleston knight is heater-
shaped, and very small. Both are charged with the bearer's
arms. The latter's mail is of the banded variety, and ailettes
upon his shoulders appear for the last time.

The Trumpington, Acton, Chartham, Pebmarsh, and
Gorleston knights are all cross-legged, and the first of them is
known to have proceeded to the Holy Land. Of the rest
nothing can be said with certainty, and, as has been noted,
the last two have not been positively identified. But the

THE TWO FIRST EDWARDS 23

crossing of the legs need not indicate more than that the
knight was a benefactor of the church, either by some
conspicuous act of piety, such as going upon a pilgrimage or
joining in crusade, or by a benefaction in church-building, or
the foundation of a place or object of religion.

The feet of all the figures, except the Gorleston knight,
rest upon, or rather against, either a lion or a hound, and it
must be remembered that they are in all cases supposed to be
recumbent, as in the stone effigies of the period, and never
standing, as sometimes happens at a much later date.

Three more military brasses, at the close of the period,
remain as the sole representatives of a still further develop-
ment, and, indeed, of an almost distinct style, associated with
the close of the reign of Edward II.

Its most important feature is this, that the surcoat has been
discarded, and its place taken by a garment called the cyclas,
which is slit open at the sides, and much shorter at the front
than behind. It thus displays the escalloped and fringed border
of another body-covering, the gambeson, and below this the
edge of the hawberk, and below this again the padded haqueton,
a combination of dress, armour, and padding, which must have
been exceedingly irksome to the wearer. The hands are bare,
and the hawberk sleeves short and wide, disclosing the fore-
arms entirely encased in vambraces of plate, underneath, instead
of over, the mail. The upper arms and elbows have demi-
brassarts and coudi&res as before, over the mail. On the head
appears for the first time a steel bascinet or cap-piece, which
is fluted, and has at its apex a quatrefoil device, apparently
intended for the attachment of a scarf or crest

All these changes are admirably depicted in the brasses
of Sir John de Creke, at Westley Waterless, c. 1325, and of
Sir John Daubernoun the younger, 1327, and may advan-
tageously be compared with the stone effigies of John of
Eltham, brother of Edward III., in Westminster Abbey, Sir
John d'Ifield, at Ifield, in Sussex, and Humphrey de Bohun,

THE TWO FIRST EDWARDS 25

Earl of Hereford and Constable of England, 1321, in Hereford
Cathedral.

Special attention is drawn to the illustration of the Westley
Waterless brass, and its two slim and interesting figures. It
lies in the south aisle of the nave, and once possessed a
double canopy with ogee pediments, and a marginal inscription
on narrow fillets of metal. Though the brass is commonly
supposed to represent Sir John de Creke and his lady, the
arms upon the shield, On a fess 3 lozenges vair^ are said by
Lysons not to be those of his family.

The brass of Sir John de Northwode, at Minster, in
Sheppey, differs a little from the others. His bascinet is
pointed, but without fluting or device, and his forearms below
the hawberk are protected by curious pieces of close-fitting
scale-armour. His shield hangs at his left hip, instead of on
his arm, and as this mode of wearing the shield appears to
have been a characteristic of the knights of France, by whom
it was termed "Ecu en cantiel," a French origin has been
suggested for this particular brass. A remarkably fine effigy
accoutred in the same way is now preserved, so Boutell says,
in the royal catacombs at St. Denis : it commemorates Charles,
Conte d'Etampes, who fell, in the thirtieth year of his age, at
the Siege of Pincorain, in 1336. This knight, a prince of the
blood royal of France, is armed completely in ring-mail ; his
head is unhelmed, and his flowing hair is encircled by a wreath
of roses ; the coif-de-mailles hangs loose about his neck, and
the mail gloves also depend from the wrists, exactly as in the
brass of Sir Robert de Setvans. The surcoat is long and plain,
and girded about the waist by a narrow cincture. Over the
hips is buckled a broad and rich sword-belt, and a long guige,
corresponding with it in breadth and enrichment, crosses the
right shoulder, and is attached to the shield, which is adjusted
over the hilt of the sword precisely after the fashion exempli-
fied in the brass at Minster. It is impossible not to be struck
with the similarity in artistic treatment exhibited between this

THE TWO FIRST EDWARDS 27

fine effigy, the brasses at Chartham and Minster, and the
sculptured figures in the Temple and at Bedale. The Minster
brass has, however, been strangely treated. In or about the
year 151 1, the legs and feet having been lost, new ones were
engraved, with very incongruous effect At the same time a
strip was cut out of the middle to make the knight correspond
in length with his lady, who now lies beside him. But this
has been restored in modern times.

The military brasses have necessarily occupied much of
our attention during this early period, standing easily first, as
they do, in date, numbers, and importance.

The earliest lady is Margarete de Camoys, represented in
her brass at Trotton, in Sussex, of which an illustration is
given. In its original condition the brass was a very fine one,
for the stone slab shows matrices of a cusped and crocketed
canopy with side shafts and pinnacles, eight shields of arms,
and a border inscription in Lombardic characters ; there were
also thirty-one small stars and other devices inserted at vacant
spaces within and above the canopy. The life-sized figure
of the lady alone remains. She wears a loose-fitting robe
with short sleeves, showing below them the sleeves of her
kirtle, tightly buttoned to the waist Her head and neck are
covered with a veil and wimple, which muffle her to the chin,
and she has an ornamented fillet across the forehead, below
which are two short side-curls. The nine small blank shields
upon the robe were either separately inserted or made of
coloured enamels.

Joan de Cobham, c. 1320, is the next lady, and her dress,
with the exception of the heraldic ornaments, is precisely the
same. Her canopy remains, the earliest specimen known to
be in existence in a monumental brass. Its arch takes the
form of a demi-quatrefoil, with a straight-sided pediment, with
open-leaf crockets and handsome finial. Side pinnacles rise
from a pair of elegant and slender shafts.

The effigies of Lady de Creke and Lady de Northwode

THE TWO FIRST EDWARDS 29

accompany those of their lords, already described. Each
exhibits a certain peculiarity of dress. The former wears a
long mantle, fastened across the breast by a short cord, and
gathered up under the left arm. The latter has also a long
flowing mantle, but it is provided with side openings through
which the arms pass, and is turned back in front so as to show
the lining of vair, or variegated fur. A stiff wimple covers
the neck and throat, but the head is bare, and the hair plaited
on either side of the face. It rests upon a handsome diapered
cushion, which once again emphasizes the recumbent position.

The only remaining lady of this period is the little demi-
figure of Maud de Bladigdone, at East Wickham, and she is
similarly dressed, in veil and wimple, kirtle, and sleeveless
mantle. But the brass of which she forms a part is a notable
one, and her husband has the distinction of being the earliest
civilian of a long series. He wears a close-fitting tunic,
buttoned down the front, with tight sleeves extending from
the elbows in long lappets, or liripipes, and a tippet over his
shoulders. He has a small forked beard. His figure and
that of his wife are placed in the head of a graceful octofoil
cross, furnished with cusps and finials, and having a slender
stem inscribed with their names. Most of the cross had dis-
appeared in the course of time, but the missing parts were
carefully restored as a memorial of Queen Victoria's Jubilee,
in 1887, and the whole placed against the south wall of the
church. Three other cross-brasses are referred to the period,
of varying but beautiful designs, at Merton College, Chinnor,
and Woodchurch. Originally, these engraved crosses con-
stituted, perhaps, the most numerous class of brasses ; their
despoiled matrices may often be seen, and sometimes in slabs
of immense size. They were usually placed upon the graves
of ecclesiastics, and the three just mentioned, which survive in
a mutilated condition, are all connected with the memorials
of priests.

Richard de Hakebourne, in Merton College chapel, was

THE TWO FIRST EDWARDS 31

rector of Wolford, in Warwickshire, and his fine half-effigy in
eucharistic vestments is placed ai the intersection of a lai^e
floriated cross, as though resting upon it. The lai^e finials

HICHOL OE GORE, PRIEST, (.
WOODCHURCH, K»NT

and the stem have long since disappeared, as have also the
letters of the Lombardic inscription at the margin of the slab.

At Chinnor the stem and marginal inscription are
similarly lost, but the floriated arms of the cross remain. In
this case the head only of the priest is shown, with the
embroidered apparel of his amice.

The Woodchurch cross is of a different type, and contains
within a quatrefoiled circle the full-length priest in eucharistic
vestments, the arms of the cross terminating in bold fleurs-de-
lys, with a Lombardic inscription engraved upon the circle.
But see below, p. 79.

32 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Of about the same date are the two priestly demi-figures
at Kemsing and Wantage. They wear amice, alb, and
chasuble, and are less than 2 feet in length. The latter is
without inscription, the former has a simple fillet of brass
placed above his head, and bearing his name, "Hie jacet
dominus Thomas de hop."

One other brass of the first importance has still to be
mentioned, that of Wm. de Grenefeld, Archbishop of York
and Lord Chancellor, who died in 13 15, and was buried in the
minster. The original design included a figure of the arch-
bishop in full vestments under a rich canopy, with side-shafts
containing figures of saints in niches, and a mai^inal inscription
enclosing the whole. Only the upper part of the figure now
remains, and the stone is so decayed that but little of the
outline of the missing parts can be traced. The brass lies on
a high tomb under a fine stone canopy, about 18 inches
being lost from a total length of 68 inches, stolen by
workmen about the year 1829.

The episcopal vestments will be more particularly described
in the chapter devoted to Ecclesiastical Brasses. The arch-
bishop's right hand is raised in benediction, and his left holds
the cross, of which the head is gone. To its staff is attached
the vexillum, or banner. As in the case of all the early
figures, Archbishop Grenefeld is represented with profusely
curled hair.

APPENDIX (i)
The Engravers

If we are to consider the designing of monumental brasses to be a
distinct art, and the carrying out of their engraving a distinct handi-
craft, it follows that we shall desire to know something of the
designers and engravers.

THE ENGRAVERS 33

The average number of existing figure^rasses rises from not quite
three per annum in the latter half of the fourteenth century^ to ten
per annum during the fifteenth century, and fourteen per annum
throughout the sixteenth; after this, and down to the year 1642^ there
are still ten brasses per annum^ but in that year they came abruptly
to an end. Only some forty more brasses are recorded, ranging
from 1643 to i775«

But existing brasses represent only a small proportion, perhaps
but a tenth part^ of those originally laid down. Plain inscriptions,
without figures, are, and were, more numerous still, and it may be
reckoned that from first to last about 150,000 brasses were placed
in our churches. Continuous employment, lasting for 350 years,
was thus afforded to many designers and workmen, and it is remark-
able that there is no proof that they ever formed a distinct guild, like
the men of other trades^ though they may perhaps have been
included amongst the coppersmiths.

The figure of Lady Creke at Westley Waterless, already described,
bears indeed an engraver^s mark near the lower edge of the dress,
and of course in an inconspicuous position. Within a small circle is
to be seen the letter N reversed, with a mallet, a crescent, and a
star. But the star and crescent were ordinary badges of handicraft,
and there is nothing to show that this was more than the private
mark and initial of a particular engraver. The same initial, again
reversed, is found on the brass of Thomas Lord Camoys and his lady
at Trotton, Sussex, 1419, cut upon the right hand base of the canopy.

From the very beginning both artists and engravers seem to
have been almost exclusively £nglish, notwithstanding that their
material was imported from abroad. In design and workmanship
alike the brasses of England differ from foreign examples, which,
when they occur, may be recognized at once. For, as every rule
has its exceptions, so in brasses foreign work is occasionally met with.
And such foreign brasses form a distinct class, to be dealt with in a
separate chapter. And yet there are certain brasses where a foreign
influence may be suspected, on account of peculiarities of style, which
do not admit of a ready explanation. Such are the knights at Chart-
ham in Kent, and Minster in the Isle of Sheppey, or the early priest
at Horsmonden in the same county. These have been thought to be
French, and there is probability in the suggestion, but no certainty,
since only about half a dozen brasses of late date have siuirived in

D

34 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

the whole of France. The chief characteristics are flowing lines,
and a freer treatment than is usual; while at Minster the knight's
shield is carried at his hip instead of upon the shoulder^ as has been
already pointed out

It has been said that no two brasses are exactly alike. There is,
nevertheless, often a great similarity between brasses of the same
style and period, although geographically they may lie far apart.
This is probably because there may have been some one especially
famous workshop, particularly during the fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries, where brasses were engraved, and which supplied memorials
for all parts of the country. Probably, again, this would have been
in London. At any rate, there is always a normal type, and when
brasses are found to diifer greatly from it, they may generally be
referred to local artists. Undoubtedly there were regular provincial
schools of engravers in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire at an early period,
and later in Norfolk, Suffolk, and other counties, and it sometimes
seems to be possible even to trace the work of a particular artist.

Copper-plate engraving was invented at about the year 1460 by
Mazo Finiquerra, a goldsmith of Florence, and some few brasses of
late date were probably produced from the workshops of the
goldsmiths, and of the engravers of copper-plates for books. The
subject, however, is obscure, and, as a matter of fact, little is known
either of the artists or of the engravers of monumental brasses. We
see an art which lives, grows, and decays, and is at all periods full of
interest. And yet the men employed in it have left scarcely a trace
of their own personality.

It is not, indeed, until the seventeenth century, and the reign of
Charles I., and later, when the ancient art was drawing to its
ignominious end, that we get such a thing as a signed brass at all.
Then, from 1629 to 1694, there come a number of such signatures,
chiefly upon inscriptions, and more particularly by the engravers of
York and Yorkshire. Thus the name ** Gabr. Hornbie " appears at
Nunkeeling in the East Riding in 1629, and " Fr. Griggs "upon
brasses at St. Osyth's, Essex, 1640, Upton Cresset, Salop., 1640, and
Bradfield, Yorks., 1647. " Robert Thorpe in Sheffield the carver"
signed two inscriptions at Darley, in Derbyshire, in 1654; and
"Richard Mosok" another at Ormskirk, Lancashire, in 1661.
Examples by Thomas Mann, of York, appear at Lowthorpe, E.
Riding, 1665; Normanton, W. Riding, 1668; Helmsley, N. Riding,

THE ENAMELLERS 35

1671 ; Ingleby Arncliffe, N. Riding, 1674 ; and Rudstone, £. Riding,
1677. A Thomas Mann, of Lendall Street, York, architect, by will
dated November 27, 1680, and proved in the following March, gives
to his brother, Joshua Mann, " all such tooles of mine as he now
worketh with." Plates signed by J. Mann occur in York at St.
Michael-le-Belfry, 1680 and 1683 j St. Michael Spurriergate, 1681;
and at Bedale in the N. Riding, i68i. In one case, St Sampson,
York, 1680, the Christian name Joshua is given in full. It may
therefore be fairly assumed that Thomas Mann, architect, and his
brother Joshua, are responsible for these signed plates, and that
they combined the profession of architect with the business of brass-
engraving.

In addition to these northern examples, the maker's name,
" Edmund Colpeper," is placed upon a brass at Pimpeme, Dorset,
1694; and at the Gwydir Chapel, Llanrwst, Denbighshire, where
there are a number of finely executed busts, some are signed, the
portrait of Lady Mary Mostyn, 1658, being by."Silvanus Crue," and
that of Lady Sarah Wynne, 1671, by "William Vaughan." In Kent,
" Ed. Marshall" signs in 1638 at East Sutton; and in Oxfordshire,
*' George Harris" at Deddington, in 1660.

APPENDIX (2)
The Enamellers

Colour was conmionly used in finishing many of the more elaborate
brasses, and traces of it sometimes remain. The usual method em-
ployed was to cut away the surface of the brass, leaving a slightly
lowered and cross-hatched bed in which the colour could be inserted,
and to which it would adhere. Such surfaces are found upon the
sword-belts of military figures, the under-sides of ladies' mantles, the
tippets and almuces of ecclesiastics, and elsewhere, and are recognized
in rubbings by the white spaces left upon the paper. Garments or
linings of fur were thus represented, and it is doubtful what material
was actually used. Sometimes it seems to have been lead, sometimes
perhaps plaster of Paris. Where red was required, as upon belts and
ornaments, an earth or plaster fulfilled the purpose. In heraldry

36 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

colour was a necessity, and therefore in military jupons and tabards
charged with the wearer's arms, and ladies' heraldic mantles and
kirtles, we find the surfaces similarly cut away. Gold alone was
represented by the brass itself, and by this due — ^the one invariable
metal — ^it is often possible to identify a coat which, having lost its
colours, would otherwise be unrecognizable.

Enamel was occasionally used, and it is thought that the famous
enamels of Limoges should be connected closely with the origin and
with the history of brasses. Limoges Enamels were made at some
considerable time before brasses came into use^ having been intro-
duced into western Europe by the Venetians at the close of the tenth
century. Their production was always very costly, and remains so
to the present day, the enamel being worked upon small plates of
copper, often but a few inches in length, and fired in the oven by a
series of difficult and more or less secret processes. The town of
Limoges, in central France, from which they take their name, is well
known as the birthplace of the greatest masters in the art, which
seems to have flourished there in the twelfth century, and reached
its culminating period in the sixteenth. Nearly all the provincial
museums of France contain interesting examples, usually in the form
of small oblong or oval plaques, for altar-pieces, reliquaries, or other
religious and secular ornament. It is seldom that they were vised for
memorials of the dead, the most famous example being a large plaque
of champlev^ enamel, about 24 by 12 inches, said to represent Geoffrey,
Count of Anjou, father of Henry II. of England, and founder of the
Flantagenet line. It originally adorned a tomb at St. Julien-du-Pr^
in Le Mans, and is now preserved in the municipal museum of that
city, in the Prefecture which was once part of the Abbaye de la
Couture. The enamelled effigy rests upon a diapered background,
beneath a semi-circular canopy, with an inscription at the top. The
colours are divided by ridges of copper, which are indicated by the
term champlev^, just used. Geoffirey Plantagenet died in 1150, but
it should be added that the memorial has been otherwise assigned to
William Devereux or Fitzpatrick, Earl of Salisbury, c. 1196, or to
some unknown noble. It has been often illustrated, as, for instance,
in Stothard's Monumental Effigies, Planch^'s Cyclopadia of Costume^
and, later, by Joseph Foster, 1902, in Some Feudal Coals of Arms,
Similar monuments are said to have existed in other French churches,
but were universally destroyed in the religious wars or during the

THE ENAMELLERS 37

Revolution. In the combination of effigy^ diapered background,
canopy, and inscription, we have certainly a forecast of the form
taken by the great foreign brasses of two centuries later.

Enamels, however, are small, and coloured brasses large, and it
is obvious that the latter could not often have passed through the
furnaces used for enamelling. If they had done so, the enamel,
thoroughly burnt in, would have remained in a more or less perfect
condition to the present time. This is actually the case as regards
the blue enamel upon the shield of Sir John Daubemoun in 1277,
and in a few other brasses, such as that. of Sir John Say and his two
heraldically dressed ladies in 1473, at Broxboume, Herts. In the
vast majority of formerly coloured brasses the colour has completely
perished, pointing to the fact that not costly enamel, but common
earths and plasters were the materials used.

Occasionally real enamel shields were separately prepared, and
then inserted into brasses. This was probably done, for example,
in the brass of Margarete de Camoys, c. 13 10, at Trotton, Sussex,
illustrated on p. 28, where nine little 3-inch shields, long since
lost, were let into sockets cut upon her kirtle.

Enamelled metal is found, with all its colours in nearly perfect
condition, upon the tomb of William de Valence, Earl of Pembroke,
1296, in the chapel of St. Edmund in Westminster Abbey. Here
thin plates of latten, beaten into shape, are riveted upon a wooden
effigy, so that the figure has the appearance of being clothed in
actual armour. Similar effigies are found in a few other churches,
but have been robbed of their metal. De Valence alone remains,
and even his tomb has suffered much spoliation. Thirty little
statues of mourners, which once decorated the sides, have completely
disappeared, and the wooden case in which the body lies has been
stripped bare of most of its enamelled ornaments. The great shield
is a particularly fine specimen of champlev^ enamel work, and is
still perfect, exhibiting the De Valence arms, Barrulie argent and
azure, an orle of martlets gules, with no less than twenty-eight bars.
4 pillow on which the head of the effigy rests is also richly enamelled,
as were the other parts of this beautiful memorial. It was possibly
made by one Magister Johannes Limovicensis, who had been
employed to construct the tomb and effigy, now despoiled, of Walter
de Merton, Bishop of Rochester. The earl had resided much at
different times in the town of Limoges, and his son Aymer, who

38 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

erected the monument, had therefore special reason to employ the
enamellers. The importance of the man and of the tomb is shown
by the fact that an indulgence of one hundred days was granted to
those who should there pray for his soul.

APPENDIX (3)

Inscriptions

The earliest inscriptions are usually in the French language, very
simple, and placed round the margin of the slab in Lombardic or
Uncial characters. Every letter was a separate piece of brass, sunk
into its own casement, and these frail letters have almost invariably
perished. It is, nevertheless, often easy to decipher an inscription
from the matrices alone. Thus we have the inscription round the
brass of Sir John Daubemoun, a typical instance of many which
follow it : " SIRE : iohn : davbernovn : chivaler : gist : icy : dev :

DE : SA : ALME : EYT : MERCY."

No date is given, but merely the name and a prayer for mercy.
The words commence above the head of the effigy with a cross.
They are separated by dots, and are read from the centre of the slab.
Similarly at Buslingthorpe, of which an illustration is given : '^ issv .

GYT . SIRE . RYCHARD . LE . FIZ . SIRE . IOHN . DE . BOSELYNGTHORP .
DEL . ALME . DE . KY . DEVS . EYT . MERCI."

The forms of words are often archaic, but are easy enough to
translate. Thus, there is little difficulty in discovering that the " ky "
in the latter inscription is merely *'qui" written phonetically, a method,
or want of method, commonly employed in French inscriptions as
well as later in English.

Latin, on the contrary, for we have the three languages to deal
with, is in most cases accurately spelt, though a difficulty arises from
the habit of arbitrarily contracting many of the words.

French inscriptions prevail throughout the fourteenth century, and
are still occasionally found at the beginning of the fifteenth century.
Latin may be said to be the common language of the fifteenth
century, and English of the sixteenth. But inscriptions to ecclesiastics
are almost invariably in Latin at all periods.

INSCRIPTIONS 39

The first English inscription appears at Brightwell Baldwin, Oxon,
c, 1370, the brass being a plain inscription-plate without figures. It
consists of seven rhyming clauses written in four lines : —

'* Man com & se how schal alle dede be :
Wen yew comes bad & bare : |
Noth hab ven ve away fare :
All ys werines y* ve for care : |
Hot y' ve do for godysluf we haue nothyng yare.
Hundyr | yis graue lys John ye smyth
God yif hys soule heuen grit"

Wanlip, in Leicestershire, has an inscription in English prose, of
the date 1393, to Sir Thos. Walsch and Dame Katherine his wife,
" whiche in her tyme made the Kirke of Anlep and halud the kirk-
yard first in wurchup of God & oure Ladye & seynt Nicholas."

The next century, in spite of its common language being Latin,
gives a large number of English inscriptions, which are in many cases
of great interest, since they help to point to the development and
growth of the language.

It will be remembered that Chaucer was writing from 1360-1400.
The Canterbury Tales were begun after his first visits to Italy, and
its best stories were written between 1384 and 1391. Already, in
1363, English had been ordered to be used in the courts of law, and
in the following year it was employed by the Chancellor in opening
Parliament. The Vision of Piers the Ploughman was issued in
1380, the year before the Peasant Revolt Wycliffe's Bible was
under revision at the time of his death in 1384, and by the year 1385
the grammar schools had begun to teach in English instead of
French. The English language was being settled into a familiar
shape, and no little interest therefore attaches to the monumental
inscriptions of this period and those which immediately follow. A
long series of examples might easily be given, but it is enough here
to point the way.

But inscriptions differ in type as much as in language. And
where the date is omitted or lost, it is by the character of the type
that it can often be supplied. The earliest in use is the Lombardic,
with broad and well-formed letters, at first^ as we have seen, cut
separately and inserted in the stone, and afterwards upon narrow but
continuous fillets of brass. The Lombardic type prevailed in the
thirteenth and early part of the fourteenth centuries.

40 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Black-letter or Old English characters followed, and this type
falls into three subdivisions, (i) Early black-letter, of the fourteenth
century ; the letters are rounded, easily read, and show the influence
of the Lombardic which went before, (a) Straight black-letter, of
the fifteenth century^ where the characters are largely composed of
straight lines, and are often extremely difficult to read. (3) Tudor
black-letter, of the sixteenth century, in which the letters are again
rounded, and are more ornamental and fanciful than before, and
altogether better.

Roman capitals came into general use in the seventeenth century.
Ornamental devices are sometimes introduced between the words of
border inscriptions, especially in the fifteenth century. These devices
generally consist of leaves and animals, as at Deerhurst, Glos., 1400,
in the brass figured on p. 174, and in that of Preb. Codryngtoun at
p. 121. Heraldic badges were often introduced in similar positions,
as the swan five times in the brass of the Duchess of Gloucester,
p. 57, or the bear and the ragged staff, no less than twenty-two
and nineteen times in the Warwick inscription described upon
p. 65. In some of the best brasses, as those just mentioned, and in
the great metal tombs, the letters are often cut in relief, and the work
most carefully executed. Nothing could be better done, for instance,
than the lettering round the verge of the tomb of Richard 11. (cf.
p. 61), a perfect model of beautiful type.

Contractions are very commonly met with, more especially in
Latin and in black-letter inscriptions. Prefixes such as pro and per
are represented by their initial letter only, either with or without an
apostrophe. The letters n and m are often omitted, but a mark of
contraction is usually supplied in the form of a line above the nearest
vowel.

Terminations of all kinds are liable to be omitted, especially
towards the end of a line, where the remaining space is limited. It
takes some experience to read inscriptions correctly when they are
much contracted, but the practice can soon be acquired.

The usual place for early inscriptions is in a border about the
margin of the slab, upon its plain surface, or, in the case of altar-
tombs, in chamfer round the edge. A rectangular plate was soon
added beneath the figure, inscribed with verses^ and in small brasses
the rectangular plate was alone retained, with the ordinary obituary
inscription. Short invocations were also sometimes supplied upon

BEGINNINGS OF HERALDRY 41

labels issuing from the mouth or from the hands of the person
commemorated.

In some instances small detached scrolls are inserted at various
places upon a slab, which may be literally powdered with them. A
remarkable instance occurs at Wiston, Sussex, 1426, where as many
as thirty were placed upon the brass of Sir John de Brewys, and bear
alternately the words " Jesus " and " Mercy."

The evangelistic symbols are very commonly set at the angles of
marginal inscriptions, and are enclosed in small quatrefoils or in
roundels. Personal devices, however, or shields of arms, occasionally
take the place of the symbols, especially in later brasses. After the
Reformation the comers of the fillet are generally left plain. Foot-
plates become larger, and their inscriptions more diffuse as time
advances, and gradually deteriorate in character and dignity.

APPENDIX (4)

The Beginnings op English Heraldry

CoATS-OF-ARMS Were in constant use in connection with brasses, and
add largely to their interest. Most commonly they are engraved
upon small shields inserted in their own matrices at the comers of a
slab, above the heads of figures, below the plate-inscriptions and
groups of children, and within the border fillet, if there should be
one. They are also found emblazoned upon pennons and banners,
and upon the dress and armour of ladies and knights.

Thus Sir John Daubernoun bears his arms, azurcy a chevron or,
upon his shield, and also upon the pennon of his lance. Sir Roger
de Trumpington's shield is emblazoned in like manner — azure, crusuly
and 2 trumpets in pale or — ^and also four little shields engraved upon
the scabbard of his sword. They are again repeated upon each of
his ailettes, but with the addition of a label of five points. Sir Robt.
de Setvans' bearings were azure, 3 winnowing-fans or. He has them,
of course, upon his shield, and also sem^e upon his surcoat, to the
number of five, and two more upon his ailettes.

As soon as jupons were worn over the cuirass they became a
vehicle for heraldic display. The ordinary jupon was of leather.

42 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

and upon this the wearer's arms were sometimes painted. On great
occasions the material was changed to embroidered silk or cloth.
A few heraldic jupons are met with, and brasses which display them
are often of considerable magnificence. Thus, in Southacre Church,
Norfolk, 1384, Sir John Harsyck is represented with arms upon his
jupon, OTy a chief sahle indented of 4 points. His lady lies beside
him, her right hand resting in his. She was the daughter and sole
heir of Sir Bartholomew Calthorpe, knight, of Gestingthorpe, whose
father. Sir Bartholomew, married Elizabeth, daughter and sole heir
of Sir John de Gestingthorpe, of Essex, and, by reason of his inherit-
ance, assumed the arms of Gestingthorpe, ermine^ a maunche gules.
Lady Harsyck wears these arms embroidered upon her kirtle, impaled
with those of her husband. The knight's arms are also repeated on
a shield, surmounted by his helmet and crest of turkey's feathers,
placed across the top of the stone. This crest Sir John, his father,
was allowed to wear by grant from Sir John Camoys, in the 30th
Edward III., and he bore it in a hoop or.

Again^ in the splendid brasses of Thos. de Beauchamp, Earl of
Warwick^ and his countess, in 1401, at St. Mary's, Warwick, the
jupon is emblazoned with his arms, gules^ a fess between 6 crosses
crosslet or. The kirtle of the countess is embroidered with the
arms of Ferrers, gu.^ 7 mascies or^ for she was the daughter of Wm.
Lord Ferrers, of Groby, while her mantle is ornamented with those
of her husband. These heraldic charges in both the figures are all
wrought with an elaborate diaper, produced by delicately punctiuing
the surface of the plate. Moreover the effigy of the earl, besides the
flowing pattern of its diapered decoration, is pounced repeatedly with
the ragged staff of the house of Warwick ; and his feet rest on a
chained bear, the other ancient cognizance of his family.

Further examples of heraldic jupons may be seen at Aldborough,
Yorks., c, 1360, in the brass of Wm. de Aldeburgh ; Fletching, Sussex,
1395, in that of a knight of the Dallingridge family and his lady;
Playford, Suffolk, 1400, in that of Sir George Felbrigge ; Lethering-
ham, Suffolk, c. 1400, in that of Sir John Wingfield; and Baginton,
Warwick, 1407, in that of Sir Wm. and Lady Bagot

Tabards of arms, worn over the body armour, came into use at a
later period. An early example is to be found at Amberley, Sussex,
1424, and here illustrated. The arms are those of John Wantele,
vert^ 3 lion^s masks arg. langued gu,^ but the sleeves are left plain.

'

44 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

This brass is a very small one, and the figure little more than 2 feet
in height. Another, and that an admirable specimen of the tabard,
occurs in the large and singularly interesting brass of Wm. Fyndeme
Esq* and Elizth., his wife, at Childrey, Berks., 1444. The head
of this knight is bare, and his entire person is enveloped, nearly to
the knees, in the embroidered covering to his armour; the arms are
org., a chevron between 3 crosses patthe-fitchU sahle^ the chev. differenced
of an annulet of the field. The white field is composed of lead run
into casements sunk for its reception in the plate. Elizth. Fyndeme
is also heraldically dressed, and in her effigy the lead occupies a still
larger portion of the composition, the whole of both mantle and kirtle
being of that metal, in consequence of the field of her own armorial
bearings, as well as that of her husband's, being argent. At her head
and hands alone the surface of the brass appears.

From this and other instances it will be noticed that where
ladies wear arms embroidered upon their dresses, the husband's arms
frequently appear upon the mantle^ the lady's own upon the kirtle.
When only one garment is emblazoned, the arms will be impaled.

In the reigns of Henry VII. and Henry VIII. tabards become
very frequent, and are never without interest.

A particularly fine example occurs at Hunstanton, Norfolk, in a
brass to the memory of Sir Roger le Strange, 1506. Sir Roger
stands, with legs wide apart, upon an architectural bracket, and below
an elaborate triple canopy, with helm, crest, and mantling above his
head. On his tabard are emblazoned LiC Strange, Vernon, Walkefare,
Morieux, Fyke, Rushbroke, Camoys, and another. In the niches
upon the shafts of the canopy appear eight of his ancestors, all
likewise in tabards, and each labelled with his own name. Of six
separate shields upon the surface of the slab, two only remain.
Eight more are still affixed to the sides and ends of the tomb, of
which four bear heraldic coats, and four have each a pair of clasped
hands.

U ■DOEK LB STRANGE, I506
UUHSTANTgN, NORFOLK

CHAPTER III

THE GOLDEN AGE OF PLANTAGENET RULE

Edward II L i 327-1 377
Richard II. 1377- 1399

WE now approach the best period of brass-engraving,
as indeed of many of the medixval arts ; for the
reigns of Edward IIL and Richard IL form in many
respects a golden age, in which the arts and crafts flourished
to a degree unequalled in the earlier history of England.
And yet we must not expect to find much material until after
the country had recovered from the terrible ravages of the
Black Death, which appeared first in 1348, and devastated
the land in the following year. Green tells us that of the
three or four millions who then formed the population of
England, more than one-half were swept away in its repeated
visitations. East Anglia suffered the most severely, and it is
to the eastern counties that we look for the finest brasses.
In the diocese of Norwich two-thirds of the parishes changed
their incumbents, and work came almost to a standstill. But
the recovery was quick, and the vigour of English life showed
itself in the wide extension of commerce, in the rapid growth
of the woollen trade, and the increase of manufactures after
the settlement of Flemish weavers on the eastern coast
Wycliffe was an obscure young priest and Chaucer a London
school-boy at the time of the Black Death, but few traces of

that sad time appear in their writings. Indeed, it is a happy

46

GOLDEN AGE OF PLANTAGENET RULE 47

and prosperous England which appears in the Canterbury
Tales. Almost every one of the thirty pilgrims who start in
a May morning from the Tabard in Southwark may be illus-
trated from the brasses of the time — ^the very perfect gentle
knight, with his curly-headed squire beside him, and behind
them the brown-faced yeoman, in his coat and hood of green ;
the poor parson, threadbare, learned, and devout ; the portly
person of the doctor of physic ; the busy serjeant-at-law,
that ever seemed busier than he was ; the hollow-cheeked
clerk of Oxford, with his love of books ; the merchant ; the
frankelein, in whose house it snowed of meat and drink ; the
buxom wife of Bath ; the broad-shouldered miller ; with the
haberdasher, carpenter, weaver, and the like, each in the livery
of his craft.

Brasses now become representative of all classes. There
are some forty-four clergy of all ranks assigned to the period.
The first tradesman appears in the person of Nichole de
Aumberdene, fishmonger, c. 1350, at Taplow, in Bucks., and he
is followed by several of the great merchants who traded with
Germany and the Low Countries, and whose brasses, engraved
by foreign workmen, are amongst the most magnificent in
Europe.

The military brasses, however, claim our first attention ;
and of these a little group of three mutilated examples stand
alone to illustrate a period of rapid transition —

Elsing, Norfolk, 1347, Sir Hugh Hastings.
Wimbish, Essex, 1347, Sir John de Wantone.
Bowers Gifford, Essex, 1348, Sir John Gifl&rd.

The first of these is a brass of extreme interest Its general
composition comprises an effigy beneath a canopy of elaborate
richness, each side of which consisted of a series of four
canopied niches enclosing as many armed figures. Three of
these are now missing, as well as the apex and some other
parts of the canopy, and the legs and feet of Sir Hugh

48 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Hastings. The distinguishing cyclas of the last period has
now been much shortened, and has a full skirt reaching only
to the middle of the thighs, though it is still cut away at the
sides. Upon it is embroidered the armorial maunche, or
military sleeve, of Hastings, differenced with a label of three
points, and this appears also on a small heater-shaped shield
worn on the left arm, in both cases richly diapered. A sword-
belt hangs loosely over the hips, with the sword on the left
side, buckled in front A hawberk of mail is worn below
the cyclas, the haqueton showing at the wrists. Additional
defences of plate are buckled upon the arms, demi-brassarts,
and vambraces, with steel roundels below the shoulders and
at the elbow-joints. A curiously rounded helmet or bascinet
covers the head, with a raised visor attached, while a heavy
goi^et of plate encircles the neck. The genouilliferes are
armed with sharp spikes, and cuisses of pourpoint work appear
for the first time upon the thighs. These were made usually
of leather, cuir-bouilli, and studded with small circular plates
of steel. From an old impression preserved in the British
Museum it is known that the legs below the knee were
encased in stockings of chain-mail, without further defence.

The first small figure on the dexter side of the canopy
represents King Edward III. crowned, and displaying on his
cyclas the arms of France and England quarterly, assumed in
1 341, but six years anterior to the date of the brass. Below
him is Thomas de Beauchamp, in a bascinet with closed visor,
like a bird's beak, and holding a lance with a pennon. On
the other side are Henry Plantagenet, Earl of Lancaster, bare-
headed, and carrying his helm and crest, Ralph Lord iStafford,
with closed visor, and Almeric Lord St Amand, whose head-
piece is very singular ; it appears to be the chapelle-de-fer, a
ridged steel hat with broad rim, worn over the bascinet, and
is the only specimen which has been noticed engraved on a
brass ; indeed, the only other example in a monumental effigy
at all occurs in one of the equestrian figures of Aymer de

r

50 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Valence, on his tomb in Westminster Abbey. The figure of
Roger Lord Grey of Ruthyn, long since lost from its place
in the brass, is now preserved in the Fitzwilliam Museum
at Cambridge. It occupied the lowest panel on the dexter
side.

In the upper compartment of the canopy, within an octo-
foiled circle, is a warrior mounted upon a charger with
voluminous trappings, trampling down and piercing with his
lance a fiend. Probably this is intended for St. George.

The brass at Wimbish is of less importance. A mutilated
cross contains within its head the small figures of a knight
and lady, the former of whom wears over his armour a
skirted garment very like that of Sir Hugh Hastings, whom
he resembles in most respects. He has a bascinet and camail
with demi-brassarts and vambraces of plate, but his legs are
armed partly in plate and partly in mail.

Sir John GiflTard has a suit of banded mail, with fewer
pieces of plate ; but his linen coat, though somewhat full in the
skirt, is much more like the jupon which was soon to be the
distinguishing feature of knightly dress. His head is lost ; his
shield, charged with six fleurs-de-lys, small and heater-shaped ;
the haqueton appears for the last time.

The Battle of Crecy was fought in 1346, that of Poitiers
ten years later. In the interval there began a new style of
armour, which continued for more than fifty years with hardly
any variation, and of which a very large number of fine
examples have survived. The hawberk of mail has shrunk to
the proportions of a vest, and is seen only at the armpits and
along its lower edge. The linen coat is discarded altogether,
and in its place appears the leather jupon, a close-fitting tunic
without sleeves, and finished with a border of escallops or other
ornamental edging. It was sometimes quite plain, sometimes
emblazoned with armorial bearings. Between hawberk and
jupon a cuirass of steel was added, always hidden from view,
but indicated by the shape of the figure and waist, especially

GOLDEN AGE OF PLANTAGENET RULE 51

in stone or marble eff^ies. Upon the head was a sharply
pointed steel bascinet, to which was laced a camail or tippet

of mail, fully protecting the neck and shoulders. The arms
and legs were completely encased in plate armour, except

52 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

when studded pourpoint was used at the thighs ; so were the
feety save where a gusset of mail showed at the ankle, above
the pointed soUerets. A broad belt, or bawdric, was now worn
straight across the hips, with the sword attached to it upon
the left side, and upon the right a long dagger, the famous
misericorde.

Most of these points, except the misericorde and the lower
edge of the hawberk, are illustrated in the Chinnor brass
figured above.

The following is a complete list of the military figures of
this period, nearly all being armed precisely in the manner
described : —

Cobham, Kent, 1354, Sir John de Cobham.
Bodiam, Sussex, c, 1360, John Bodiham, small.
Aldborough, Yorks., c. 1360, Wm. de Aldeburgh, on bracket.
Watton, Herts., 1361, Sir Philip Peletoot.
Great Berkbamstead, Herts., c. 1365, unknown.
Cobham, Kent, c. 1365, John de Cobham,

„ „ 1367, Sir Thos. de Cobham.

Methwold, Norfolk, 1367, Sir Adam de Clyfton.
Drayton Beauchamp, Bucks., 1368, Thos. Cheyne, Esq.
Aveley, Essex, 1370, Ralph de Knevyngton.
Chrishall, Essex, c. 1370, Sir John de la Pole and wife.
Freshwater, Isle of Wight, c. 1370, unknown.
Broughton, Lines., c, 1370, Sir Henry Redford and wife.
Harrow, Middlesex, c, 1370, Edm. Flambard, on bracket.
Ticehurst, Sussex, c. 1370, John Wybame, Esq.
Shopland, Essex, 137 1, Thos. Stapel, Serj.-at-arms.
Mere worth, Kent, 1371, Sir John de Mere worth.
Bray, Berks., 1378, Sir John de Foxley and two wives.
Calboume, Isle of Wight, c. 1380, unknown.
St Michael's, St. Albans, Herts., c. 1380, unknown.
Felbrigg, Norfolk, r. 1380, Roger de Felbrig and others.
Fletching, Sussex, c. 1380, a Dallingridge and wife.
Clyffe Pypard, Wilts., c. 1380, a Quintin.
Graveney, Kent, 1381, Rich, de Feversham.
Horseheath, Cambs., 1382, Sir John de Argentine.

54 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Acton Bumell, Salop., 1382, Lord Nidi. Buraell.

Southacre, Norfolk, 1384, Sir John Harsyck and wife.

Chinnor, Oxon., 1385, Reginald de Malyns and two wives.

Audley, Staffs., 1385, Sir Thos. de Audeley.

Chinnor, Oxon., 1386, Esmoun de Malyns and wife.

Rotherfield Grays, Oxon., 1387, Sir Robt. de Grey.

Etchingham, Sussex, 1388, Sir Wm. de Echingham.

Letheringham, Suffolk, 1389, Sir John de Wyngefeld.

Imham, Lines., 1390, Sir Andrew Louttrell.

Harrow, Middlesex^ c. 1390, John Flambard.

Strensham, Worcs., c. 1390, Robt. Russel.

Reepham, Norfolk, 1391, Sir Wm. de Kerdeston and wife.

Wootton-under-Edge, Glos., 1392, Thos. Lord Berkeley and wife.

Chinnor, Oxon., 1392, John Cray, Esq.

Wanlip, Leics., 1393, Sir Thos. Walsch and wife.

Wood Ditton, Cambs., 1393, Hen. Englissh and wife.

Sheldwich, Kent, 1394, Lord Rich. Atte Lcse and wife.

Draycot Cerne, Wilts., 1394, Sir Edw. Ceme and wife.

Seal, Kent, 1395, Lord Wm. de Bryene.

Brandsburton, Yorks., 1397, Sir John de St. Quintin and wife.

Mere, Wilts., 1398, John Bettesthome.

Thomas Cheyne, Esq., 1368, who was shield-bearer to
Edward IIL (cf. illustration), wears not only chausses but also
jambarts of studded mail, arranged in bands, while a strange
trimming of fringe and little bells is fastened below each knee.
But the common type is almost invariable, to the degree of
monotony, at this period.

Graceful canopies, both single and double, frequently
surround the figures, and wives accompany their husbands.
Their dress also conforms to a definite type, and consists of
a close-fitting kirtle, buttoned tightly from elbow to waist, and
sometimes down the front, though without a waistband of any
kind. Over this is worn a loose mantle, open in front, but
held in position by a cord across the breast. Occasionally a
third dress appears over the kirtle, and with or without the
mantle. It has two distinct forms — a gown barely to be

GOLDEN AGE OF PLANTAGENET RULE 55

distinguished from the kirtle, but with close sleeves terminating
above the elbows, with long lappets hanging almost to the
ground, or else the sideless cote-hardi, slit up at the sides of
the skirt, edged with fur or other rich material at the openings,
but entirely without sleeves or even sides as far as the hips.

The former dress is well seen at Great Berkhamstead, Herts.,
1356; Waterperry, Oxon., c. 1370; Necton, Norfolk, 1372;
Bray, Berks., 1378, and the latter at Lingfield, Surrey, c, 1370 ;
Ashford and Cobham, Kent, 1375 ; and Wanlip, Leics., 1393.

A long overcoat occasionally takes the place of the mantle,
with short sleeves, and buttoned all the way down to the feet.
It is well exemplified in the two wives of Reginald de Malyns,
c. 1380 (cf. illustration), at Chinnor, Oxon.

The kirtle is sometimes worn quite alone, seemingly by
unmarried ladies, as at Quainton, Bucks, c. 1360, and Stoke
Fleming, Devon, 1391. Head-dresses are more variable,
and since the hair is usually plaited and gathered into a net,
are spoken of as reticulated. Often a lock is allowed to
escape on either side, with the end twisted into a little ball
and resting upon the shoulder. Various terms are used to
distinguish the different forms. When the principal lines are
wavy, it is nebule, or zigzag, as the case may be. When the
network is more elaborate, and adorned with threads (of gold
and silver) and studded with jewels, or enriched with a jewelled
fillet, it is the crespine head-dress, over which a kerchief is
sometimes carefully disposed.

Widows wear a veil, with barbe and wimple, covering the
whole of the head and neck.

Examples of ladies pourtrayed alone are met with as
follows : —

Norbury, Staffs., c, 1350, unknown.
Clifton Campville, Staffs., c, 1360, unknown.
Quainton, Bucks., c. 1360, Joan Plessi.
Winterboume, Glos., c, 1370, unknown.
Great Berkhamstead, Herts., c, 1370, unknown.

56 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Waterperry, Oxon., c. 1370, Isabell Beaufo.
Burford, Salop., c. 1370, Elizth. Esmon.
Lingfield, Surrey, c, 1370, a Cobham.
Necton, Norfolk, 1373, Ismayne Winston.
Ashford, Kent, 1375, Elizth. Countess of AthoU.
Cobham, Kent, 1375, Marg. Lady Cobham.

„ „ 1380, Maud de Cobham.

Barton-on-Humber, Lines., c. 1380, unknown.
Necton, Norfolk, 1383, Philippa de Beauchampe.
Stebbing, Essex, c, 1390^ unknown.
Watford, Herts., c, 1390, Marg. Holes.
Gedney, Lines., c. 1390, unknown.
Chinnor, Oxon., c. 1390, unknown.
Spilsby, Lines., 1391, Margery Wyllughby.
Cobham, Kent, 1395, Marg. Lady Cobham.
Westminster Abbey, 1399, Alianore de Bohun.

The last-mentioned brass is of more importance than the
rest. The lady commemorated was the Duchess of Gloucester,
and widow of Thomas of Woodstock, the youngest son of
Edward IIL Shakespeare has introduced her into the first
act of Richard IL^ and puts into her mouth a sad farewell to
Gaunt —

'* Desolate, desolate, will I hence, and die."

Her heavy veil and wimple proclaim the widow, but she is
honoured with a beautiful triple canopy (cf. illustration), the
shafts of which are hung with armorial shields, and the
pediment and inscription adorned with her heraldic badge,
the swan.

Cross and bracket brasses, the great mercantile brasses
of foreign workmanship, and ecclesiastical brasses, must be
enumerated in separate chapters. There remain many civilian
brasses of more or less importance, listed below —

Upchurch, Kent, c. 1340, man and wife, demi.

Great Berkhamstead, Herts., 1356, Rich. Torryngton and wife.

Ashbiuy, Berks., c. 1360, John de Walden, demi.

Sherborne St. John's, Hants., c, 1360, Raulin Brocas, and sister, demi.

58 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Blickling, Norfolk, r. 1360, unknown (a bust only).

Nuffield, Oxon., c. 1360, Beneit Engliss, demi.

Shottesbrooke, Berks., c, 1370, a frankelein (with a priest).

Graveney, Kent, c, 1370, John de Feversham and mother, demi.

Hellesden, Norfolk, c. 1370, Rich, de Heylesdone and wife, demi.

Deddington, Oxon., c, 1370, unknown, demi.

Cheam, Surrey, c, 1370, a frankelein.

Rusper, Sussex, c. 1370, John Kyggesforde and wife, demi.

King's Sombome, Hants., c. 1380, two civilians.

St. Michael's, St. Alban's, Herts., c. 1380, John Pecok and wife.

Felbrigg, Norfolk, c. 1380, Symond de Felbrig and wife.

Lewknor, Oxon., c, 1380, John Alderbume, demi.

Hampsthwaite, Yorks., c, 1380, unknown.

Wimington, Beds., 139 1, John Curteys and wife.

Stoke Fleming, Devon, 1391, John Corp and grand-daughter.

Temple Church, Bristol, 1396, unknown.

Boston, Lines., 1398, Walter Pescod.

In mere size these brasses cover a wide range, from the tiny
bust at Blickling to the magnificent but now mutilated
memorial of Walter Pescod and his wife, at Boston (cf. illus-
tration, p. 70), where under a square super-canopy He separate
triple canopies for each figure, with fourteen niches in the
outer shafts. Such variation is in itself a proof that brasses
were now coming into more general use, not only for the
wealthy merchant, but for the comparatively poor tradesman.
Not that the business of the person commemorated is yet
often given in the inscription, a practice which was to come
later. Yet we have seen that Nichole de Aumberdene (to be
further mentioned under cross-brasses) was a fishmonger of
London, while John Curteys was Mayor of the Wool Staple
of Calais.

Three kinds of civilian dress are to be noted at this time.
Most of the small demi-figures show men in close tunics
buttoned down the front, or with tippets upon their shoulders
and hoods about their necks. For the most part they wear
beards and shaggy hair.

6o THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Richard Torryngton, a full-length figure of about 4 feet
in height, wears a perfectly plain gown and hood, without so
much as a button, and low-pointed slippers. He clasps his
wife by the hand, and, like any knight, his feet rest against
a lion. A similar gown appears to be worn by Richard de
Heylesdone.

The third and most imposing dress consisted of a long
tunic, a hood, and a voluminous mantle buttoned on the right
shoulder and thrown back over the left arm. From the girdle
at the waist hung an anelace, a serviceable weapon, much
longer than a dagger, and resembling a broad, short sword.
The wearers of this dress are usually thought to have been
frankeleins or freeholders, and are well exemplified in Symond
de Felbrig, the two civilians at King's Sombome, and John
Curteys the wool-stapler.

John Corp, of Stoke Fleming, presents a remarkable
variation, in that his mantle is buttoned halfway down the
front, and his anelace worn outside it, hanging from a rich
sword-belt depending from his right shoulder.

APPENDIX

Cast-metal Tombs

The latten of which brasses were made was sometimes also used for
the creation of cast-metal effigies, which form, perhaps^ the grandest
and most permanent class of English monuments in existence. They
would doubtless have been prepared more frequently if it had not
been for their extravagant cost, which precluded their use by any but
royal or semi-royal personages. Thus the great tomb which Richard
II. prepared in his lifetime, between the Confessor's Chapel and the
South Ambulatory of Westminster Abbey, for himself and his first
queen, Anne of Bohemia, is said to have cost ^670, a price equal to
a present expenditure of ji^i 0,000. It is a superb work of art, a
" brass '' of the most exalted kind, and of the best period. Begun in

CAST-METAL TOMBS 6i

1395, and finished about two years later, the names of the men who
made it are carefully recorded. The marble-workers were Henry
Yelverley and Stephen Lote, the '* copper-smiths," Nicholas Broker
and Godfrey Prest, all of London. Parts of the indenture made
between the king and the contractors are copied into a note in
Haines' Manual, from Rymer's Fosdera^ tom. viL pp. 797 and 798.
The monument was to have ''Deux Ymages de Coper & Laton
Endorez, Coronez . . . une table du dit Metall Endorre, sur la quele
les dites ymages seront jesauntz. la quele Table serra fait ovesque
une Frette de Flour de Lys, Leons, Egles, Leopardes. . . . Et auxi
serrount Tabernacles, appelles Hovels ove Gabletz de dit Metall En
dorrez, as Testes, ove doubles Jambes a chescune partie. . . . Et
auxi xii. Images du dit Metall endorrez, des diverses Seintz conterfaitz,
... & viii. Aungells entour la dite Tombe, Et auxi Escriptures d'estre
gravez entour la dite Toumbe. . . . Et auxi serront tiels Escochons
& bien proportionez du dit Metall Endorrez, Gravez & Anamalez de
diverses Armes."

It is extremely interesting to compare these directions with the
actual work. The splendid gilt effigies of the king and queen lie
side by side, and formerly hand in hand, until the arms were wantonly
broken, under a canopy on which the Bohemian lion and the imperial
two-headed eagle were painted by an artist named John Hardy.
Upon both effigies badges are engraved, amongst them the white
hart, and the broomscods of the Plantagenets. The Latin inscription
round the verge of the tomb is of exactly the same character as those
of some of the best brasses, and is of special interest, for it was
inscribed in 1398, and probably represents Richard's own opinion of
himself and of his queen. Anne's charity, her peace-making
character, and her fair countenance, are specifically mentioned^ while
Richard is compared to Homer, and described as true in speech and
full of reason : —

'' + Prudens & mundus :
Ricardus iure secundus :
Per fatum victus :
iacet hie sub marmore pictus :
verax sermone :
fuit et plenus racione :
Corpore procerus :
animo prudens ut omerus :

62 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Ecclie fauit :

elatos suppeditauit :

Querimus prostrauit :

regalia qui violauit .

Obruit hereticos :

& eor* strauit amicos :

O Clemens xpe :

cui deuotus fuit iste :

votis Baptiste :

salues quern pretulit iste :

+ sub petra lata :

nunc Anna iacet tumulata :

Dum vixit mundo :

Ricardo nupta secundo :

xpb deuota :

fuit hec factus bene nota :

Pauperibus proua :

Semp sua reddere dona :

Jurgia sedauit :

et pregpiantes releuauit :

Corpore formosa :

Vultu miris speciosa :

Prebens solamen :

viduis egris medicamen :

Anno Milleno :

ter . C . quarto nonageno :

Juni septeno :

mensis migrauit ameno.'*

This great tomb was probably, to some extent^ modelled upon
that of Edward III. next to it, where there is another superb gilt
"brass" effigy. In this case, however, no details or names of
designers or workmen are known. The tomb is richly decorated
with enamel, and had originally twelve gilt statuettes of Edward's
children, of which six remain, upon the side overlooking the ambu-
latory. They represent Edward the Black Prince, Joan of the Tower,
Lionel Duke of Clarence, Edmund of Langley, Mary of Brittany, and
William of Hatfield.

On the opposite side of the chapel two other gilt effigies of cast
metal are to be seen, both placed by Edward I. in memory respectively
of Henry III. and of Queen Eleanor. Both were wrought in the year
1 291 by the English artificer Torel, who had set up his furnace, after

1 OK KDWARI) 111,

CAST-METAL TOMBS 63

the manner of the itinerant bell-founders, in St Margaret's church-
yard. Of Queen Eleanor's effigy there were once duplicates in
Lincoln Cathedral and in the Church of the Friars Preachers in
Blackfriars, but the Westminster figure has alone survived.

An interesting reminiscence, for so it seems, of the splendours of
the Confessors Chapel, may be found in the Morte Darthury Book II.
cap. xi. In a great battle " in the field afore the Castle Terrabil,"
Arthur had defeated and slain Lot of Orkney and twelve other kings,
all of whom afterwards " were buried in the church of St. Stephen's
in Camelot." " But of all these twelve kings, ICing Arthur let make
the tomb of King Lot passing richly, and made his tomb by his own ;
and then King Arthur let make twelve images of laton and copper,
and over-gilt it with gold."

Canterbury Cathedral possesses an effigy of the same type and
of the first importance, for it is upon the tomb of Edward the Black
Prince. His own directions for the monument, like those of his son
Richard, are still extant in the register of Archbishop Sudbiuy at
Lambeth, together with the inscription, which with very slight varia-
tions was duly engraved in two lines about the verge of the tomb.

'' Et paramont la tombe," he willed, " soit fait un tablement de latone
suzorrez de largesse et loDgure de meisme la tombe, sur quel nouz volons
qe un ymage d'overeigne levez de latoun suzorrez soit mys en memorial
de nous, tout armez de fier de guerre de nous armez quartillez et le visage
mie, ove notre heaume du leopard mys dessouz la teste del ymage. Et
volons qe sur notre tombe en lieu ou len le purra plus clerement lire en
veoir soit escript ce qe ensuit, en la manere qe sera mielz avis a noz
executours : —

' Tu qe passez ove bouche close, par la ou cest corps repose
Entent ce qe te dirray, sicome te dire la say,
Tiel come tu es, Je au ciel fu, Tu seras tiel come Je su,
De la mort ne pensay je mie, Tant come j*avoy la vie.
En terre avoy grand richesse, dont Je y fys grand noblesse,
Terre, mesons, et grand tresor, draps, chivalx, argent et or.
Mas ore su je povres et cheitifs, perfond en la terre gys,
Ma grand beaute est tout alee, Ma char est tout gastee,
Moult est estroite ma meson, En moy na si verite non,
Et si ore me veissez, Je ne quide pas qe vous deeisez,
Qe j'eusse onqes horn este, si su je ore de tout changee.
Pur Dieu pries au celestien Roy, qe mercy eit de Parme de moy.
Tout cil qe pur moi prieront, ou a Dieu m'acorderont,
Dieu les mette en sou parays, ou nul ne poet estre cheitifs.'

64 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

These lines were borrowed from an anonymous translation of the
Clericalis Disciplina of Petrus Alphonsus, composed between the
years 1106 and iiio ; the French translation being of the thirteenth
century, and entitled Castaremmi (Turn P^re d son Fils, The
variations upon the tomb are given in Stothard's Monumental
Effigies. The prince's figure is in exact accordance with the will,
of metal gilt, beautifully executed, and exhibiting him in his camail
and bascinet, jupon emblazoned with armorial bearings, and the rest
of the armoxu: appropriate to the period. The lacing of the bascinet
is very prominent, and it is surrounded by a jewelled coronet.

Passing from the royal tombs of the Plantagenets, we find in the
Beauchamp Chapel of the Church of St. Mary, at Warwick, another
metal monument of the most splendid character, in memory of
Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick. The chapel itself, which
adjoms the choir on the south side, is of remarkable beauty, and
was devised during his life by the earl, who afterwards expired in
Normandy, at the Castle of Rouen, April 30, 1439, ^^'^ ^^^ brought
with great pomp to Warwick.

The executors of his will soon commenced the work entrusted to
them, and laid the foundation of the chapel in 1443. The building
of chapel and monument occupied twenty-one years, at a cost
amounting to the large sum of ;^248i, an expenditure which would
now be equivalent to something like ;^4o,ooo.

The monument consists of a high tomb of grey Purbeck marble,
prepared by John Bourde, marbler, of Corfif Castle, Dorset, and
upon it a large plate, made, forged, and worked, " in most finest wise,
and of the finest latten," by Wm. Austen, founder, and Thos. Stevyns,
coppersmith, with two narrow plates to go round about the stone for
the inscription. The plate was to be of the finest and thickest
" cullen " (/.^. Cologne) plate and all was to be gilt. Wm. Austen
was also to cast fourteen images " embossed of lords and ladyes in
divers vestures, called weepers, to stand in housings made about the
tomb," and '* an image of a man armed, of fine latten.'' Bartholomew
Lambrespring, Dutchman, and goldsmith of London, covenanted to
polish and make perfect the figures, and also to make fourteen
'' scutcheons of the finest latten." These and " the armes in them
the said Bartholomew shall make, repaire, grave, gild, enamil, and
puUish as well as possible/' and fasten up at 15 shillings a scutcheon.

Besides the principal niches at the sides of the tomb, there are

CAST-METAL TOMBS 65

eightWM smaller, with figures of angels, Ukewise cast in latten and
gut, and carrying scrolls in their hands, engraved, " Sit Deo laus et
glona defu nctis misericordia." The weepers represent various

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CAST-METAL TOMBS 65

eighteen smaller, with figures of angels, likewise cast in latten and
gilt, and carrying scrolls in their hands, engraved, ^* Sit Deo laus et
gloria defunctis misericordia." The weepers represent various
personages of exalted rank allied to the earl, Richard Neville, Earl
of Salisbury; Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset; Humphrey
Stafford, Duke of Buckingham ; John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury ;
Richard Neville^ Earl of Warwick ; George Neville, Lord Latimer ;
Henry Beauchamp, afterwards Earl of Warwick ; and seven great
ladies their wives.

The figure of the earl was to be "garnished with certain
ornaments, viz. : with sword and dagger ; with a garter ; with a helme
& crest under his head ; and at his feet a bear musled ; and a
griffon, perfectly made, of the finest latten, according to patterns, and
layd on the tombe." There was also to be *' an hearse to stand on
the tombe, above and about the principall image that shall lye on
the tombe, according to a pattern.''

All these directions were strictly carried out, and have resulted
in what is perhaps the most perfect monumental efiSgy in existence.
Every fastening, strap, buckle, or hinge of the armour is represented
with scrupulous fidelity, not only on the front, but on the unseen
back. It is, moreover, thought to be the faithful reproduction of a
suit actually worn by the earl, the work of the celebrated con-
temporary Milanese armourers, the Missaglias. The hearse, for
holding a pall, is composed of six hoops of latten^ connected by five
poles of the same metal, moulded at the ends.

The inscription is in raised letters, passing twice round the verge
of the tomb, and its words are interspersed with the Warwick badges
of the bear and the ragged staff, the former occurring twenty-two
times, the latter nineteen. It is written in English, and is of
sufficient interest to be given in fiiU.

" Preieth devoutly for the Sowel Whom god assoille of one of the moost
Worshipful Knightes in his dayes | of monhode & conning Richard
Beauchamp Late Eorl of Warrewik lord Despenser of Bergevenny & of
mony other grete lordships whos body resteth here vnder this tumbe in a
fiilfeire vout of Stone set on the bare rooch thewhuch visited with longe
siknes in the ] Castel of Roan therinne decessed fill cristenly the last day
of April the yer of oure lord god A M | CCCCXXXIX he being at that
tyme Lieutenant gen'al and governer of the Roialme of Fraunce and of
the Duchie of Normandie by sufiicient Autorite of oure Sou'aigne lord
F

66 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

the King Harry the VI thewhuch body with grete deliberacon' and Ail
worshipful condiut | Bi See And by lond Was broght to Warrewik the
nil day of October the yer aboueseide and Was | leide with fill Solenne
exequies in a feir chest made of Stone in this Chirche afore the west dore
of this Chapel according to his last Wille And Testament therin to teste
til this Chapel by him devised i' his lief were made Al thewhuche Chapel
founded | On the Rooch {And alle the membres thereof his Executours
dede fully make And Apparaille | By the Auctorite of his Seide last
Wille And Testament And therafter By the same Auctorite Theydide
Translate fFul Worshipfully the seide Body into the vout aboueseide
Honnred be god therfore."

The early Renaissance is represented in metal tombs most
conspicuously by the splendid monument to Henry VII. and his
Queen, in the midst of his chapel at Westminster Abbey. For this
he had left instructions with regard to every detail, and the heavy
grille, which obscures any view of the tomb except from above,
seems to have been begun before his death. The design,
however, was altered from Gothic to Classic under the superin-
tendence of the great Italian sculptor, Torrigiano, to whom are owing
the wonderfully modelled effigies, the figures of angels, the reliefs of
saints, and, in fact, all the decorations on the monument It was
apparently completed by 1 518, as well as the effigy of the King's
mother. Lady Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby, which
is also of brasSj and by the same hand. Her death took place in
1509, a few months after that of her son, and she rests in the south
aisle of the chapel.

CHAPTER IV

ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENT
CANOPIES, BRACKETS, AND CROSSES

CANOPIES.— The Decorated or Middle Gothic style of
architecture prevailed in England throughout the whole
of the fourteenth century, and to this style belong
some of the best canopies and ornaments found in brasses.
Just as the earlier effigies are supposed to be recumbent, with
pillows or helms at the head and animals at the feet, so are
the canopies also supposed to be lying upon the ground, and
not erect. In this particular they are copied from the
numerous tombs of the previous century, where a similar
arrangement is found, a low canopy of stone, often but a few
inches above the level of the slab, surrounding the sculptured
effigy.

At the same time it is important to compare the details
of these canopies with others in an erect position, such as those
of niches, tabernacles, and shrines for images, and even of
doorways, windows, and roof-gables.

The beautiful crosses, adorned with niches and statues, and
raised by Edward I. at all the places where the body of Queen
Eleanor had rested on its way from Grantham, Lincolnshire,
where she died, to Westminster Abbey, where she was buried,
are usually reckoned as early examples of the Decorated
style. On each side of the carved figures rise slender shafts
supporting a graceful pediment, of which the upper sides are
straight, in the form of a triangle, ornamented with a row of

67

68 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

crockets, and terminating in a bunch of foliage of considerable
size. The lower arch is curved and pointed, with pierced
cusps, which give it the form of a trefoil or cinquefoil,
according to the number employed. The spandrel between
the two arches is filled with foliage.

The same form of canopy is found in early brasses, though
only one example now remains, surrounding the figure of
Joan de Cobham, Cobham, Kent, in c. 1320. The arch is
here trefoiled, and the cusps filled iwith foliage. Slender
shafts 'rise from small bases, and their foliated caps support
somewhat heavy panelled and crocketed pinnacles.

There are several matrices of canopies in the same style,
such as those at Trotton, Sussex, c. 13 10 (cf. illustration, p. 28),
and at Norton Disney, Lincolnshire, and Emneth, Norfolk,
c, 1300, over the lost cross-legged effigies of Sir Wm. D'Iseni
and Sir Adam de Hakebech. In the last-mentioned of these,
which is, however, perhaps the earlier in date, the centre finial
is wanting, and its place taken by a large and handsome
tabernacle.

But the straight-sided low canopy was quickly superseded
by that of ogee shape, tapering to a great height, and sup-
ported by equally tall or taller side shafts and pinnacles.
These canopies are of great variety and beauty, and many
noble examples are still extant. The Collegiate Church of
Cobham, in Kent, for instance, exhibits no fewer than six ogee
canopies of the fourteenth century alone, ranging from 1354
to 1395. These all belong to brasses of knights and ladies
included in the lists upon pp. 52, 56. In every case the
canopies are furnished with side shafts and pinnacles, between
which and the centre finial are placed two shields of arms.
The finials are gracefully foliated, and in two of the brasses,
those of John "the Founder," c. 1365, and Dame Margaret,
1395, terminate in small representations of the Blessed Virgin
and Child. The inscriptions in every case are in French,
engraved upon plain and narrow bordered fillets, and of much

ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENT 69

interest. Thus the first John de Cobham is described as '' le
cortays viaundour" — ^the courteous host — and the second as
" foundeur de ceste place." Probably no other church in the
world contains so fine a series as the nineteen brasses at
Cobham. They lie for the most part upon the chancel pave-
ment in their original slabs, and where fragments of canopies
or mai^ins were missing, they have been judiciously restored.
The massing of so many and so elaborate brasses in one place
is, at the present day, remarkable and unique.

Other good examples of fourteenth-century canopies may
be seen at Methwold, 1367, and Reepham, 1 391, in Norfolk;
Chrishall, c. 1370, in Essex; Acton Bumell, 1382, in Salop;
Sheldwich, 1394, in Kent ; Mapledurham, 1395, in Oxon ; and
Westminster Abbey, 1399 ; all enumerated on pp. 52, 54. The
Duchess of Gloucester's (cf. p. 56 and illustration) is particu-
larly fine, with its triple pediment and its heraldic accessories.
The Methwold brass (p. 52) was sold to a tinker in the year
1680, and broken into 130 pieces ready for the melting-pot ;
but it was happily recovered, stored in the church chest, and
200 years afterwards, in 1888, fitted together and replaced in
the church.

Amongst ecclesiastical brasses that of Bishop Trilleck,
1360, at Hereford Cathedral (p. 112), which forms the frontis-
piece of Haines' Manual, presents an early and very fine
example of an embattled super-canopy above the ogee
pediment, and supported by the side shafts. A similar
arrangement is found at Cottingham, Yorkshire, 1383, in the
brass of Nicholas de Louth, priest (p. 120). Canon Fulburne,
1 39 1 (p. 120), and Archbishop Waldeby (p. 107) also have
fine single canopies of this period.

Sometimes the side shafts are widened, and consist of
a series of panels, each containing a saint within a canopied
niche. These may be carried up beyond the principal arch
to a super-canopy, also containing saints and angels. Durham
Cathedral possesses a matrix of this type, commemorating

70 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

probably Lewis de Beaumont, Bishop, 13 17-1333. Measuring
some IS by 10 feet, the brass would have been the largest as
well as one of the finest in the kingdom. A beautiful triple
canopy, with straight-sided pediments, and with four open
niches in each shaft, around the life-sized figure of the bishop,
was surmounted by a super-canopy with five niches and
clustered pinnacles of great elegance. Outside the whole
were additional shafts, each with six more niches, and joined
to the principal by graceful flying buttresses (cf. illustration,

p. 314).

A few years later, at Higham Ferrers, Northants., the brass

of Laurence de St. Maur, rector, 1337 (cf. illustration, p. loi),

has shafts with six pairs of saints, and above the ogee arch

a super-canopy of five compartments, of which the centre has

itself an ogee pediment, while the rest are straight-sided.

Still more elaborate is a fine canopy at Boston, Lincoln-
shire, where Walter Pescod, merchant, 1398, and formerly his
wife, whose effigy is now lost, lie beneath a doubly-triple
canopy, with super-canopy divided into two square-topped
compartments with cusped round arches, and flanked by four
pairs of saints in panelled niches. Erected upon and forming
a continuation of the entire canopy there is an arcade of
nine niches — from all but two of which the figures are lost —
each with a cinquefoiled arch and ogee pediment, and the
whole finished with an embattled cornice.

The much mutilated brass of Bishop Waltham, 1395, in
the Confessor Chapel at Westminster Abbey, has shaft-niches
with double pediments, but only a few fragments remain of
the fine embattled super-canopy and shafts, or of the three
graceful pediments within.

It sometimes happens that these embattled canopies occur
without any ogee pediments within, a splendid example remain-
ing, with saints in the panels of the shafts, at Balsham, in
Cambridgeshire, 1462, to the memory of Dr. John Blodwell,
Dean of St. Asaph. They may then perhaps be taken to

• ••

• 1

•••

ARCHITFXTURAL ORNAMENT 71

represent the flat testoons of certain notable monuments, such
as were erected over the tombs of Edward III. and Richard
IL at Westminster, and Edward the Black Prince at
Canterbury.

In the fifteenth century the same style of ogee canopy is
continued, nor is anything more graceful known than that of
Prior Nelond, at Cowfold, Sussex, 1433, illustrated in Chapter
VI, at the Appendix on the Religious Orders (p. 134). Here
the centre of the three main pediments is itself triple, and its
pinnacled shafts support a kind of tabernacle, in which is
seated the Blessed Virgin with the Holy Child. The outer
pediments have for their finials the figures of St Pancras and
St. Thomas of Canterbury. There are no other niches or
saints, but secondary outer shafts appear, connected by arched
entablatures and Sying buttresses. The eflect is delicate in
the extreme, and suggests the lightness of the great lantern
of Ely Cathedral. A similar canopy, though without the
tripling of the centre pediment, is to be seen at St Albans,
commemorating Abbot John Stoke, 145 1, though, unfortu-
nately, it is sadly mutilated, and the abbot's figure entirely
lost

Tabernacles supported by the ogee arch are also found at
Cobham, Kent, in the fine brasses of Sir Reginald Braybrok,
1405, and Sir Nicholas Hawberk, 1407. Good canopies of
the fifteenth century are found in many other places, Haines
enumerating as many as ninety- three. Amongst the best are
those at —

Deerhurst, Glos., 1400. Double; cf. p. 174.
South Ockendon, Essex, 1400.

Gunby, Lines., c. 1400. Double, with shields; cf. p. 148.
Balsham, Cambs., 1401. Triple; cf. p. 128.
Dartford, Kent, 1402. Double; cf. p. 159.
Bottesford, Leics., 1404. Triple; cL p. 121.
Checkendon, Oxen., 1404. Triple; cf. p. 179.
Burgate, Suffolk, 1409. Double; cf. p. 148.

72 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Great Tew, Oxon., c, 1410. Double; cf. p. 150.

Kidderminster, Worcs., 1415. Triple; cf. p. 152.

New College, Oxford, 141 7. Triple, with super-can.; cf. p. 112.

Gunby, Lines., 1419. Cf. p. 173.

Lynwode, Lines., 1419. Double, with super-can.; cf. p. 167.

Trotton, Sussex, 1419. Double, with super-can. ; cf. p. 145.

Horley, Surrey, c, 1420. Cf. p. 157.

Pulborough, Sussex, 1423. Cf. p. 122.

Thruxton, Hants., c. 1425. Triple; cf. p. 151.

Warbleton, Sussex, 1436. Cf. p. 122.

Etchingham, Sussex, 1444. Triple, with shields; cf. p. 157.

Okeover, Staffs., 1447. Triple, with shields; cf. p. 267.

Northleach, Glos., 1458. Cf. p. 169.

Thornton, Bucks., 1472. Quadruple; cf. p. 184.

Westminster Abbey, 1498. Triple; cf. p. 113.

Towards the end of the century groining, hitherto a rare
feature, begins commonly to appear beneath the soffit of the
pediment, and the work becomes coarser as the influence of
Perpendicular architecture makes itself felt This is especially
noticeable in the heaviness of the pinnacles, the form of the
crockets and finials, and the bases of the shafts.

In the sixteenth century, in the general debasement of
brass-engraving, canopies are not often met with, and are still
coarser and altogether less artistic, though they continue to
follow the old lines. A few good examples occur, as at
Cobham, Kent, 1506 (double); Hunstanton, Norfolk, 1506
(triple, with figures ; cf. illustration, p. 45) ; Hillingdon, Middle-
sex, 1 509 (double ; cf. illustration, p. 224) ; Northleach, Glos.,
1526 (double ; cf. p. 168) ; and Faversham, Kent, 1533 (double;
cf. p. 232).

Hereford Cathedral has a remarkable triple canopy in the
brass of Dean Frowsetoure, 1529, in which the florid archi-
tecture of the Renaissance entirely takes the place of the
Gothic.

After this time architectural ornament disappears, at least
as a distinct feature in the composition of brasses. It is,

ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENT 73

however, true that architectural details are still to be found in
many of the rectangular mural plates of the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries. But they are merely pictorial, and
therefore of a totally different character. The whole of
Carlisle Cathedral, and also of the front of Queen's College,
Oxford, are sketched upon the brass of Bishop Robinson in
his college chapel, in 1616 ; and other instances of the kind
might be adduced

More doubtful cases are those of which the brass of Arch-
deacon Honywode, 1522, in St George's Chapel, Windsor
(illustration, p. 219), is an early example. The depressed
Tudor arch and its supporting shafts and pinnacles are very
definitely introduced, yet nevertheless form but a part of the
entire picture.

Brackets. — In close connection with the architectural
interest of canopies, we find that brackets were often used as
a leading feature in the composition of certain brasses. Thus,
bracket-brasses are generally considered to form a distinct
class. In architecture a bracket is an ornamental projection
from the face of a wall, usually to support a statue. A small
column or pillar, with its base upon the ground, gives additional
support, and a rich canopy above may enclose the figure in
a species of tabernacle or shrine.

Engraved brasses in this form are by no means common,
but are occasionally met with, and are of considerable merit.
In the most natural form the shrines would contain the figures
of saints, while the persons commemorated would kneel below,
and the whole composition would be considered to be erect,
and not recumbent Only two existing brasses, however,
follow this most natural arrangement One is at Upper
Hardres, Kent, 1405, where a priest, John Strete, kneels below
a bracket on which stand the figures of St Peter and St Paul,
but there is no canopy. The other is at Burford, Oxon., 1437.
Here the Blessed Virgin and Child occupied the place of
honour, and are unhappily lost, together with the canopy above

ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENT 75

them. The bracket remains, and on either side of its stem
kneel John Spycer and his wife, commemorated by the brass.
In every other instance the persons themselves stand upon the
bracket, and no saints appear.

The earlier examples are nearly all grievously mutilated,
and of some of them only the merest fragments remain.

Great Brington, Northants., r. 1340. Stem lost Priest demi.
North Mimms, Herts., c. 1360. Stem lost; cf. Foreign Workm, p. 93.
Clifton Campville^ Staffs., r. 1360. Stem and canopy lost. Lady demi.
Brandsburton, Yorks., 1364. Nearly all lost. Priest demi.
West Hanney, Berks., c. 1370. Bracket lost Priest
Harrow, Middlesex, c. 1370. Pediments of canopy. Man in arm.
Bray, Berks., 1378. Sir John de Foxley and two wives.

The Foxley brass, last mentioned, is the only one in
anything like a perfect condition, though it has lost its canopy.
A short column, its stem only 13 inches long, with a small
architectural base, rises from the back of a fox, the family
cognizance. Expanding from its upper moulding to the
bracket, the head encloses a triangular spandrel in which are
a quatrefoiled circle and three trefoils. The bracket is finished
with a row of quatrefoils, upon which stand the three figures,
in height 29 inches, a little less than the bracket and stem
together, which measure 34 inches. While the ladies are
erect, the knight incongruously appears to be recumbent, with
a lion at his feet and his head pillowed on his helm and the
fox-crest

The bracket brasses of the next century, with the exception
of the first three, are all in a perfect or nearly perfect condition,
and present several very pleasing examples.

Brightlingsea, Essex, c. 1400. Much mutilated, with later figures.
Boston, Lines., c. 1400. Stem lost. Canopy. Civilian and two wives.
Ore, Sussex, c, 1400. Bracket lost. Double canopy. Civilian and

wife.
Upper Hardres, Kent, 1405. Bracket and saints. Priest.

76 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Southfleet, Kent, 1414. Bracket. Lady.
Cotterstock, Northants., 1420. Bracket and canopy. Priest.
Cobham, Kent, c. 1420. Bracket and triple canopy. Priest.
Merton College, Oxford, c. 1420. Bracket and double canopy.

Two priests.
Gt. Harrowden, Northants., 1433. Two brackets below inscription.
Burford, Oxon., 1437. Bracket and lost B.V.M. Civilian and wife.
St. Laurence, Norwich, 1437. Bracket Foot lost Prior Langley.
St. George Colegate, Norwich, 1472. Bracket Civilian and wife.

By far the finest of these are the Cotterstock, Cobham, and
Merton College brasses, all of great elegance and beauty. In
each case the stem rises from three or two steps, and at its
expansion encloses an enriched spandrel. In each case, ag^in,
the figures are, as it were, enshrined within their canopies, of
single, triple, or double pediments and pinnacled shafts. At
Merton College a little tabernacle is placed at the foot, between
the steps and the base of the column, containing the Lamb
and Banner of St John the Baptist, probably the patron saint
of the two priests, John Bloxham and John Whytton. In
the Cobham brass the rather heavy stem is a modem restora-
tion. The Great Harrowden brass is peculiar ; it has two short
brackets supporting the inscription, above which are the figures
of William Harwedon, Esq., and his wife, from which the upper
canopies are now lost

Four examples occur in the sixteenth century —

Hunstanton, Norfolk, 1506, Sir Roger le Strange.

St John Maddermarket, Norwich^ 15241 John Terry and wife.

„ „ „ '535> John Marsham and wife.

„ „ „ 1553, Robt Rugge, Esq., and wife.

They are quite peculiar, and of distinct types. In the first
a very low but rich cusped bracket, without stem or foot, is
jplaced within, not supporting, a large and elaborate canopy.
It is illustrated on p. 45. In the Terry brass, again, there is
no stem, and the bracket consists of a kind of tree, whose
branches support separate pedestals for the husband, wife, and

78 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

groups of children, the whole forming a single plate. The
Marsham bracket has a stem like the leg of a table, and its
top is curiously strewn with skulls, bones, and worms, above
the words, " Memento homo quia Morieris." The last example
is a mere corbel attached to the lower side of the inscription.
These Maddermarket brasses are all of local work, and curious
in many respects.

Crosses, — Cross-brasses, like brackets, form a class by them-
selves. They were very frequently used, especially in the four-
teenth century, in the memorials of ecclesiastics, and large
numbers of such brasses were destroyed by the Puritans in their
strange animosity against all representations of the sacred
symbol. Valuable stone matrices, from which every vestige of
brass has been wantonly removed, frequently occur, as in Ely
Cathedral, which once possessed a splendid series of almost
unique type.

About thirty examples remain in three clearly marked
divisions.

I. Floriated crosses with figures stand in the first place,
in which a long, graceful stem, ornamented with two or three
pairs of leaves, springs from steps, or from some symbolic
animal, or from a simple bunch of foliage, and supports a
quatrefoiled head with floriated terminations. The figure of
the deceased person is placed within or upon the head.

Examples are found at —

Merton College, Oxford^ c, 1310, Rich, de Hakeboume, priest.
Chinnor, Oxon., c. 1320, a priest.
Woodchurch, Kent, c, 1320, Nichol de Gore, priest.
Newton-by-Geddington, Northants., 1400, John Mulsho and wife.
Buxted, Sussex, 1408, Britell Avenel, priest.

At Merton College everything is lost except part of the
quatrefoil, upon which rests »the fine demi-figure of the priest
in eucharistic vestments. The whole indent, however, can
clearly be seen upon the slab. At Chinnor the quatrefoil

ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENT 79

encloses the head only of the priest, and has floriated termi-
nations ; the stem is lost At Woodchurch, also (cf. illustration,
p. 31), the stem is gone, though the remainder of the brass
is in perfect condition. A small full-length figure in eucharistic
vestments stands within a quatrefoiled circle, bearing the
French inscription, " Mestre Nichol de Gore gist en ceste place
Jhesu Crist prioms ore qe merci lui face." The points of the
cross, it will be noticed, are formed by four bold fleurs-de-lys.
At Newton, where the brass was carefully restored some years
ago by the Messrs. Waller, we find the space within the quatre-
foil occupied by the figure of St Faith. She wears a martyr's
crown, and stands with her left hand upon a sword, and her
right holding a gridiron. The rest of the space is diapered
with a pattern of small crosses, and inscribed, with the words,
" Sea Fides virgo & mr."

The Buxted cross still retains its stem and a base of four
steps. The head contains the priest at three-quarters length,
and its quatrefoil, as at Newton, has a diapered background.

2. Octofoil crosses with figures in the head are more fully
represented, and to this division the best and most interesting
cross-brasses belong. They consist each of a series of eight
c^ee arches, alternately large and small, with finials of foliage,
and surrounding the figures at full or half length. A long
stem, sometimes plain, sometimes foliated, sometimes inscribed,
rises from the usual steps or device.

East Wickham, Kent, c. 1335, John de Bladigdone and wife, demi.

Wimbish, Essex, 1347, Sir John de Wantone and wife.

Taplow, Bucks., c, 1350, Nich. Aumberdene.

Sparsholt, Berks., c. 1360, Wm. de Herlestone, priest.

Merton College, Oxford, 1372, priest in civil dress.

Hildersham, Cambs., 1379, Robt. de Paris and wife.

Hereford Cathedral, c, 1390, priest in cope.

St. Michael's, St Albans^ c, 1400, a civilian.

Stone, Kent, 1408, John Lumbarde, priest.

Cobham, Kent, 1447, John Gerye, priest; figure lost.

8o THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

The Taplow, Hildersham, and Stone crosses are all in very
good condition, and at East Wickham the missing pairts have
been restored as a parish memorial of the jubilee of 1887.
The rest are all badly mutilated, but retain their original
matrices. The devices from which the stems sometimes
spring are curious. Thus, Aumberdene, the " Fishmonger of
London," has for his device a dolphin embowed naiant ; the
Wimbish brass had an elephant, a badge of the Beaumont
family ; and at Sparsholt there was either a shield or a heart
At Merton College the stem seems to have risen from a lion.

At Hildersham (cf. illustration) the figures kneel on either
side of the stem of the cross, each upon a shield of arms,
while the head contains an excellent example of that symbol
of the Holy Trini^ in which the Almighty Father, in the
form of a venerable man, is seated upon a throne and holds
a crucifix between His knees ; the Holy Dove, usually depicted
above the crucifix, is here omitted.

Stem and finials are lost from the Hereford cross, the foot
and finials from that at St Albans, and the whole of the
Cobham cross, except the inscribed stem, an architectural base
and part of one finial.

3. The third division consists of crosses without figures,
few in number, but of great varie^. Of the first in point of
date, in Westminster Abbey, only a fragment of the plain
stem remains, together with eight uncial letters set in the
border of a cofUn-shaped slab, of perhaps the end of the thir-
teenth century. This fragment, with two pieces of red and
white mosaic, inserted between the border and the cross, was
preserved underneath a step in the Confessor Chapel, while
the rest of the slab, exposed to constant wear, lost all its brass

md became hopelessly worn.

r crosses belong, for the most part, to a later period

Iready enumerated —

rpe, Lines., c. 1380, unknown.

Ferrers, Nortbants., 1400, Tbos. Chichele and wife.

*i*

*\ r^

y

82 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Cassington, Oxon., 1414^ Sir Roger Cheyne.
St. Mar/s, Reading, 141 6, Wm. Baron.
Chelsfield, Kent, 1417, Robt. de Bnin, priest.
Beddington, Surrey, 1425, Marg. Oliver.
Broadwater, Sussex, 1445, Rich. Tooner, priest.
Sl Mary-le-Wigford, Lincoln, 1469, Wm. Horn.
Pepperharrow, Surrey, 1487, Joan Brokes.
Royston, Herts., c, 1500, unknown.
Eversley, Hants., 1502, Rich. Pendilton.
Sutton, Beds., 15 16, Thos. Burgoyne and wife.
Hever, Kent, c. 1520, Herward BwUayen.
Penshurst, Kent, c. 1520, Thos. Bwllayen.
Floore, Northants., 1537, Alice Wyrley.

At Grainthorpe the head is a quatrefoiled circle, with
external cusps, enclosing a cross in the centre, and the base of
the shaft rests on a rock placed in the sea. At Higham Ferrers
the arms of a Latin cross are enriched with a flowing pattern
and terminate in the evangelistic symbols. Fleurs-de-lys are
substituted at Cassingfton and Broadwater, the latter bear-
ing also the words, " Sanguis xpi Salua me. Passio xpi
Conforta me."

A bleeding heart and the four wounds are represented
upon the Royston cross, the nails upon that at Floore, which
is small and drawn in perspective, upon a rock. Eversley has
a unique arrangement of interlaced bands forming both cross
and foot. Hever and Penshurst are very small and plain.
The Chelsfield memorial is, or rather was, a small crucifix
with the figures of St Mary and St John on either side, and

two scrolls, each inscribed with the words, " Salus mea xpe
est" Only the headless figure of St Mary now survives, with
the two scrolls, and the foot of the crucifix, upon a ground
with Adam's skull, Jacob's thigh, and the jawbone of the ass,
from which (by a misapprehension of the sacred text) there
sprang a well of water to revive the spirit of Samson. The
brass is the only representative of a type often used, but
diligently eradicated by the Puritan iconoclasts.

CHAPTER V

FOREIGN WORKMANSHIP

IN the continental parts of Northern Europe brass-engraving
had, in the fourteenth century, arrived at a high pitch of
excellence. The style, however, was altogether different
to that of England. Rectangular plates were almost invariably
used,^nd the whole surface was covered with engraving, after
the manner of a picture. Any spaces which might occur
between the outlines of figures, canopies, inscriptions, or other
accessories were filled in with diaper work, and size was
obtained by joining together a number of plates.

The early brasses at Verden and Hildesheim have been
already mentioned at the beginning of the second chapter
(p. 13). The fourteenth century gives a number of magnificent
compositions. Ringstead, in Denmark, has a splendid brass,
measuring 9 feet 4 inches by 5 feet 6 inches, to King Eric Menved
and Queen Ingeborg, dated 13 19, but almost certainly engraved
thirty or forty years later, and probably at Lubeck. Schwerin
in Mecklenberg, Stralsund in Pomerania, Lubeck, Thorn in
Prussian Poland, also possess immense and beautiful brasses,
ranging from 1347 to 1361. These and many others have
been illustrated in A Book of FaC'Similes of Monumental
Brasses on the Continent of Europe^ by the Rev. W. F. Greeny,
a work of the greatest value. In the Low Countries, Ghent
and Brussels have notable brasses of the fourteenth and
Bruges of the fifteenth centuries.

Most of these countries carried on trade and intercourse

83

84 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

with England, and foreign brasses were sometimes engraved
as memorials for English people, and laid down in English
churches. They form a separate and very interesting class, of
which the eight following are referred to the fourteenth
century : —

King's Lynn, Norfolk, 1349, Adam de Walsokne and wife.

St. Albans Abbey, r. 1360, Abbot Thos. Delamere.

Wensley, Yorks., c, 1360, Simon de Wenslagh, priest.

North Mimms, Herts., c, 1360, a priest.

King's L3mn, Norfolk, 1364, Robt. Braunche and two wives.

Aveley, Essex, 1370, Ralph de Knevyngton, in arm. (small).

Newark, Notts., c. 1375, Alan Fleming.

Topcliflfe, Yorks., 1391, Thos. de Topclyffe and wife.

These brasses are all described by Boutell, who devotes to
them fifteen pages of letterpress and fourteen partial illustra-
tions. He is convinced that they were all, except the small
brass at Aveley, produced by one artist, " the Cellini of the four-
teenth century," as Gough had already designated him. But
this is possibly going too far. It is true that all have certain
characteristics in common, the characteristics of their style and
class. There are two leading groups, each of which un-
doubtedly exhibits the influence of one master mind, and
which must have been the handiwork of one workshop.

Five great merchant princes, of England and of the
Hanseatic League, are commemorated by as many huge
brasses, so exactly alike in subject, arrangement, and in some
of the most minute details, that of necessity they must have
had a common origin. Geographically they lie far apart,
Walsokne and Braunche in England; John Chingenberg at
St Peter's, Lubeck, 1356 ; Albert Hovener at Stralsund, 1357 ;
and Johannes von Zoest (and his wife) at Thorn, 1361. A
third brass at King's Lynn of the same series is, unhappily,
lost. Chingenberg's brass is much worn, and seems never to
have been illustrated. The others may be minutely compared.
In every one of them the diaper of the background is almost

m

86 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

precisely the same ; it is worked with peculiar trefoils, within
which are strange but simitar dragons ; the Walsokne brass at
Lynn adds sa^s, mermaids, and animals, and has butterflies
between the trefoils. The head of every figure of merchant
or wife rests upon a cushion diapered in leaf pattern, and
supported by two angels seated close to the shoulders. At
the feet of each merchant a hairy man is seen struggling with
a monster, usually in the form of a lion, except in the Braunche
brass, where it is an eagle ; at Thorn a huntsman is added,
who stabs the monster with a spear. Every lady has a lap-
dog, and Mai^aret von Zoest a squirrel also, in the act of
cracking a nuL The inscriptions, broken by not less than six
quatrefoils, are in beautifully formed Lombardic characters
at Lynn and Thorn, in early black letter at Stralsund. The
outer mai^in is adorned with a pattern of alternately round
and square shaped roses at Lynn and Stralsund, of foliage at
Thorn. An especially interesting feature in all these brasses
is that a long and narrow compartment is reserved beneath
the principal figures, and filled with some pictorial scene or
scenes. Thus at Stralsund is represented a deer hunt and a
boar hunt Beneath Adam de Walsokne a hor^man is seen

pictorial compar-rubnt below thb feet of adam de walsokne, 1149
king's lymn

carrying grist to the mill, and two serving-men bear their
master in a litter over a stream ; beneath hts wife are hunting
scenes, the wild boar, the deer, and rabbits, while one of the

FOREIGN WORKMANSHIP 87

huntsmen fights with an outlaw. In the second Lynn brass
the picture of a peacock feast is in its way famous, " a feast,"
Cotman quotes, " that for the splendour of the table and the
company, the band of music, and the attendants, might pass
for some grand anniversary celebrated in this wealthy town ;
perhaps the feast of St Margaret their patroness, on the fair
day granted them by King John ; or perhaps the mayor's
feast, when Braunche held that office, in 1 349 or 1 359. Among
the delicacies of the splendid table one sees the peacock, that
noble bird, the food of lovers and the meat of lords. Few
dishes were in higher fashion, and there was scarce any royal
or noble feast without it. The honour of serving it up was
reserved for the ladies most distinguished by birth, rank, or
beauty, one of whom, followed by others, and attended by
music, brought it up in the gold or silver dish, and set it before

WITH PART OF

88 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

the master of the house, or the guest most distinguished for
his courtesy and valour." Here there are three peacocks, and
a further conjecture is made that the feast may commemorate
one given to King Edward III. when he and his court visited
the town, which they did in the year 1344.

At Thorn woodland pastimes are represented on one side,
and on the other the feast of a hairy king, whose attendants
stir a cauldron, roast a sucking-pig, and draw ale from a
barrel. The hairy men here and at the feet of the merchants,
both on the Continent and in England, seem to refer to the
pagan savages who occupied the forests of Germany until a
comparatively late period, and against whom the Christians
carried on a long warfare of conversion or extermination.

Superimposed upon the diapered ground there is in every
case an exquisite canopy around and above the principal
figures. In its upper compartments the naked soul of the
deceased is seen carried upwards by angels, or deposited in
the arms of the Heavenly Father, surrounded by angels with
censers and musical instruments. The side shafts, and a
central shaft also, if there are two principal figures, have
niches in which are placed prophets and saints arranged in
pairs, and the architectural details are very beautiful and very
similar. The Walsokne brass exactly follows the continental
examples ; the Braunche brass substitutes at the sides
" weepers," men and women in civil costume, supposed to be
friends or relations of the dead. The total number of figures
of all kinds, including saints and angels, is prodigious ; the
Stralsund brass has 35, Braunche 54, Walsokne 57, and
Thorn 74.

Nothing has yet been said of the principal figures. They
all have a remarkable family likeness. The men wear tunics,
gowns with half-sleeves and long lappets, tippets, and hoods.
The ladies, kirtles which are invariably figured in patterns of
fine foliage, and over them the sideless cote-hardi, which may,
however, be hidden by the mantle, as it is in the two wives of

FOREIGN WORKMANSHIP

Robert Braunche. So minute a comparison leads to a plain
conclusion. All the brasses of this particular group must at
least emanate from one school of engraving, one workshop,
from designs made by one great Teutonic artist.

The immense size and elaborate detail of these brasses
makes it difficult to illustrate them in such a work as this.
The Thorn brass measures lo feet 4 inches by 5 feet 4 inches ;
the Walsokne brass g feet 10 inches by 5 feet 8 inches ; the
Stralsund brass g feet 4 inches by 4 feet 2 inches ; and the
Braunche brass 8 feet 10 inches by 5 feet I inch. It has,
therefore, been found possible only to give, on a very reduced
scale, certain portions of the Braunche brass, which exhibit the
heads, head-cushions, and arches of the canopies, and part of
the base of the Walsokne brass, with the man and monster
at Braunche's feet, the pictorial panels, and enough of the
border and inscription to indicate its patterns and lettering.

But there is another group, of ecclesiastical brasses, which

90 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

present nearly all the same characteristics, and which, again,
unite England and the Baltic countries in the closest associa-
tion. It consists of four brasses: (i) Bishops Ludolph and
Heinrich de Bulowe, 1347 (in one brass), at Schwerin ; (2)
Bishops Burchard de Serken and John de Mul, 1350, at
Lubeck ; and (3) in England,
Thomas Delamere, Abbot of
St. Albans, who died in 1396,
but whose brass was engraved
in his lifetime, not later than
1360, and still beautifies his
abbey church. To these should
be added (4) the royal brass at
Ringstead, near Copenhagen,
to King Eric of Denmark and
his queen Ingeboi^.

In all these we have again
the same arrangement of
prophets, saints, and angels in
the glorious canopies, the same
trefoils and grotesque dragons,
and the same kind of Lombar-
dic inscriptions, quatrefoils, and
borders of round and square
roses. The four bishops and
the abbot are vested alike
in eucharistic vestments, with
jewelled mitres and pastoral
staves, with the Agnus Dei in
the heads. The butterflies be-
poKTioN OF DEXTER lADv IN THE tween the trefoils of the
H«AUNCHE BRASS. WITH wEEr- walsokne brass at Lynn re-

ERS.ANDFARTOFPEACOCKFKAST , , , i,

appear at Lubeck. Dragons
lie at the feet of the ecclesiastics, lions and lapdogs beneath
the king and queen. Head-cushions are omitted, and this

FOREIGN WORKMANSHIP 91

IS the distinguishing feature of the group. Schwerin and
St Albans are also without the pictorial compartment, but
the royal brass has a boar hunt and a deer hunt, and Lubeck
scenes from the lives of St. Nicholas and St. Eloy. In the
ground diaper at Schwerin and Ringstead a geometrical design
takes the place of the trefoil, though the same dragons are
used. The St. Albans brass measures 9 feet 3 inches by 4 feet
4 inches, but is, nevertheless, the smallest of the group. It
contains 22 figures, as against 46 at Schwerin, 63 at Ring-
stead, and 99 at Lubeck. These also must have come from
the same school of engraving as the first series, and even from
the same workshop, if not from the same hand.

The Newark brass, another enormous work, measuring
9 feet 4 inches by 5 feet 7 inches, is dated 1361, but appears
to have been engraved not earlier than 1375. It belongs to
the same school, and was probably produced in the same
workshop, but by a later hand. The background is composed
of exactly the same trefoils and dragons ; there are the same
angels supporting a diapered head-cushion, and the same
hairy man struggling with a lion monster, as in all the other
mercantile brasses. But important changes are introduced
into the canopy. This, for the first time, is drawn in perspec-
tive, and has lost in boldness. The central arch is differently
arranged, and the diaper is not continued behind the pin-
nacles, which pierce the line of the marginal inscription.
Similar variations are found in the brass of Bishops Godfrey
and Frederic de Bulowe at Schwerin, the latter of whom died
in 1375. Their brass is the largest known, with a superficial
area of 86 square feet, viz. 13 feet 6 inches by 6 feet 5 inches.
In the Newark brass there are hunting scenes in the pictorial
compartment, but on a smaller scale than before. The inscrip-
tion is in black letter, with a border of foliage on each side.
The niches of the canopy shafts, instead of saints, contain
" weepers," as in the Braunche brass. They are arranged in
six pairs, men and women, in the costume of the period. The

92 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

whole of the brass, though complete, is unfortunately very
much worn, and has been removed from its position on the
floor of St. Mary Magdalene Church and placed high upon the
wall. The figure of Alan Fleming, the merchant, is fine and
bold, and resembles those of Adam de Walsokne and Robert
Braunche.

It is strange that the origin of such pre-eminent works of
art should be so obscure. From whence did they come, and
who were their designers and engravers? It is impossible
to say with certainty. They have been persistently called
"Flemish," but are unlike any brasses now existing in the
Low Countries. " North Grerman " is a better term, or perhaps
"Teutonic."

Strong probabilities, however, point to the city of Lubeck.
Its citizens elected Eric of Denmark as their lord, and his
brass at Ringstead is almost certainly proved to have issued
from the same workshop as that of two of its bishops. Stral-
sund is upon the Baltic coast, within easy reach of Lubeck
by sea, and Schwerin, a few miles inland, lies between. The
trading towns of the Baltic were nearly all of them connected
by the Hanseatic League, and looked up to Lubeck as their
commercial capital. Stralsund was an important member of
the confederation. On the business of the league the family
of Von Zoest is known to have migrated to Poland. This
great Teutonic Hanse was founded by Lubeck and Hamburg
in 1266, in rivalry with the Hanse of Col(^ne, and was joined
by all the towns of the Baltic trade. As early as 1 27 1 they
had already founded an affiliated society at Lynn, and both
there and at Boston, York, Hull, Norwich, Yarmouth, and
Ipswich they subsequently built houses.

The Flemish towns belonged to a totally distinct league,
with Bruges and Ypres at their head, trading chiefly with
London.

The merchants of Lynn were, therefore, in special and
direct communication with Lubeck, while Newark might be

FOREIGN WORKMANSHIP 93

reached by way of Hull and the river Trent. It was Lubeck,
we may surely say, which produced the finest brasses in the
world, and from Lubeck — not Flanders — came those which
we are fortunate enough to possess at Newark, St Albans, and
King's Lynn.

The other foreign brasses of England of the period remain
to be dealt with. Wensley, in Yorkshire, has the large and
bold figure of a priest in eucharistic vestments, but without
background or canopy. The execution is distinctly foreign,
and in the style of the Lubeck engravers. The same familiarly
grotesque dragons appear upon the rich embroidery, together
with other details common to the brass of Abbot Delamere.
A head-cushion and angels correspond with those of the great
mercantile group. The brass must, therefore, be referred to
a similar origin. It should be added that the feet rest upon
two dogs, the hands are crossed, and a lai^e covered chalice
lies upon the breast.

At North Mimms, near St Albans, there is yet another
brass of the same school and period, though from its general
inferiority it is probably the production of a different hand.
The small figure of a priest in eucharistic vestments, 27 inches
high, is placed, without any background, within a canopy
measuring about 3 feet 4 inches by 18 inches. In the upper
compartment the soul appears in the Father's arms, and there
are two angels with censers; the side shafts contain six
canopied niches, with six apostles. The whole of the detail
is in the Lubeck style, and it is within the bounds of possi-
bility that there may originally have been a background, which
was cut away by the English workmen who inserted the brass
into its stone slab, in order to make it conform more nearly
to English ideas. The embroidery of the vestments is
engraved in geometrical patterns of circles and quatrefoils,
and a covered chalice is placed upon the breast, below the
clasped hands. It is similar in shape to the Wensley example,
but simpler. A crouching stag appears between the feet

94 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

The entire composition rises from a small bracket (cf. p. 75),
on which are engraved a coat of arms and two seated lions.
There may also have been a stem and foot, but as the original
slab is lost, this cannot now be ascertained. The brass has
been reset, and is placed against the chancel wall.

The Aveley brass is a very small one, 20 by 9 inches, and
represents a man in armour beneath a canopy, with delicate
tracery, but without subsidiary figures of any kind ; the back-
ground is cross-hatched and not ornamented. The origin
may be either German or Flemish, and in any case is different
from those already described. A foot inscription is extended
to a length of 19 inches, and is quite peculiar, in that in
marking the exact date it gives the Sunday Letter of the
Gregorian Calendar.

((

Hie iacet Radulphus de Kneuynton. Obitus
idem die Jouis ante festu sci Nicholai Episcopi
anno dni millmo. CCC. LXX. Ira dmcaP f."

The last words, of course, are abbreviated from "litera
dominicalis."

The brass at Topcliffe is also of a distinct type, and is
almost certainly Flemish. It measures 5 feet 9 inches by
3 feet I inch, and represents, beneath a double canopy, the
figures of a civilian and his wife, both attired in long tunics
and mantles, and the former carrying an anelace at his right
side. The groundwork is a diaper of flowing pattern, and
there are head-cushions, each supported by an angel with out-
spread wings ; souls, and angels playing upon musical instru-
ments, appear in the canopy, which contains the usual niches,
pinnacles, and rich tracery. The border inscription is in black
letter, and is slightly mutilated. In or about the year i860
the brass was removed from its slab, and the reverse was
discovered to be composed of plates of metal that had been
previously used. One piece showed a portion of an earlier

FOREIGN WORKMANSHIP 95

inscription in Lombardic capitals and in the Flemish vernacular,
" bidt . voer . die . ziele . ," i,e. " Pray for the soul."

The list of English fourteenth-century brasses of foreign
workmanship is thus completed. There is also in the British
Museum a small but beautiful fragment of another large
quadrangular brass, obtained from some continental church
by Mr. A. W. Pugin. The head of a bishop or abbot in a
jewelled mitre is seen resting upon a diapered cushion, beneath
a canopy with the Heavenly Father holding the soul, attended
by angels and saints. The background is not diapered, and
the general style resembles that of the little brass at North
Mimms rather than of the great Lubeck plates.

It will be well to enumerate here the few brasses of later
periods, which are also of undoubted foreign workmanship : —

All Saints, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1429, Roger Thornton and wife.
St. Mary Quay, Ipswich, 1525, Thos. Pownder and wife.
Fulham, Middlesex, 1529, Margaret Homebolt.
All Hallows Barking, London, c. 1535, Andrew Evyngar and wife.
St. Nicholas, Aberdeen, 16 13, Duncan Liddel, M.D.

In the brass of Roger Thornton we have another fine
rectangular plate, measuring about 7 feet by 4 feet 4 inches.
Of the principal figures, the husband wears a long gown
buckled at the waist, an anelace hanging from his belt, and
the wife a very plain kirtle mantle and veil. Both have collars
fastened in front by four buttons. They completely fill the
spaces between the side and centre pieces of the canopy, so
that no groundwork can be seen. Saints and angels fill the
niches, as in so many brasses already mentioned, and the
canopy is drawn in perspective. Each soul is represented
twice, carried upwards by angels, and also safely placed in the
Father's arms. There are, again, diapered head-cushions
supported by angels, a border inscription in black letter, and
an outer fillet in leaf pattern. Below the figures are seven
sons and seven daughters, each under a simple trefoiled canopy.

FOREIGN WORKMANSHIP 97

The total number of figures is ninety-two, and this is the last
of the large brasses, as well as the only example in England
of its centuty. Its origin is quite unknown, but it seems to
be the work of German engravers. In some of its details,
though not in general effect, it resembles the brass of the two
knights, John and Gerard de Heere, 1398, formerly in the
church of Heere, near St. Trond, a few miles from Li6ge, and
now preserved in the Fine Art Museum of the Palais de
Cinquentenaire at Brussels.

The Ipswich and London brasses are both Flemish, and
commemorate citizens of their respective towns, while both
bear the arms of the Merchant Adventurers. Thos. Pownder
was also Bayly of Ipswich, and Andrew Evyngar a member
of the Salters Company. The father of the latter is known
to have migrated from Brabant to the parish of All Hallows
Barking, where he carried on the trade of brewer and beer-
house keeper, and the son had a house in Antwerp. The
Flemish form of his name was Wyngaerde. Both brasses are
rectangular, though not of large size. Pownder's measures
45 i by 28 J inches, and Evyngar's only 34 by 23 inches. The
former (cf. illustration) has a good marginal inscription in
English, with an outer fillet of foliage. In each case the
merchant is accompanied by his wife and also his children,
who are made to kneel or stand at their parents' feet. In the
Evyngar brass there is no border, and the inscription is in
raised letters at the foot. The canopies and backgrounds are
in the luxuriant style of the Renaissance.

Margaret Homebolt, at Fulham, was the wife of Gerard,
a celebrated painter, and was a native of Ghent, Her curious
brass is also Flemish. It is a lozenge-shaped plate, and
represents her as a half-efligy in a shroud, with angels holding
the inscription.

The solitary example of the seventeenth century is that
of Dr. Duncan Liddel, in the Old or West Church of Aber-
deen. It was engraved at Antwerp by one Gaspar Bruyde-
goms, of the Antwerp mint, under the directions of John

H

FOREIGN WORKMANSHIP 99

Liddei, the doctor's brother, and is a little more than 5 feet
in height Half the space within the marginal inscription is
occupied by a further eulogistic epitaph, in tall clear-cut
Roman capitals. The upper half contains a pictorial repre-
sentation of the doctor, who is seated writing at a table,
surrounded by a variety of implements, with books and candle
upon a side table, and more books upon a shelf close by.

Two wholly foreign brasses are preserved in the South
Kensington Museum, and are well worthy of attention, though
they hardly come within the scope of the present work. The
more important is a large Flemish plate, dated 1504, in
memory of Sire Louis Corteville and Dame Colyne Van
Caestre his wife, which, after finding its way from the ruined
chapel of the Castle of Corteville, in Flanders, to a shop in
Antwerp, was purchased and brought to the Jermyn Street
Museum of Geology, and thence latterly to South Kensington.
The other is a small and beautiful German brass, from Nippes,
near Cologne, to Henry Oskens, precentor and canon, who
died in 1535. From the Archiepiscopal Museum at Cologne,
it came into the hands of a Paris dealer, who sold it to the
South Kensington authorities.

In addition to these complete brasses, there are a large
Hiumber of fragments which have been reversed and the under
surface used in the preparation of English brasses of later date,
chiefly between the years 1540 and 1590. They are commonly
spoken of as palimpsests. It often happens that by accident
or design brasses are loosened or removed from their matrices,
and in this way such fragments have been discovered. More
than forty instances are known in which the reverse has once
formed part of a foreign brass, and all of them have been
carefully noted by Mr. Mill Stephenson in the Transactions
of the Monumental Brass Society. As an account and lists
of these brasses will be found in Chapter X., pp. 257-264, it
is unnecessary to enter into further particulars here.

CHAPTER VI

THE MEDIAEVAL CLERGY OF ENGLAND

WHEN brasses first began to be used in the thirteenth
century, the principal vestments worn by the clei^
of the Western Church had already been absolute!}"
fixed for at least four hundred years. It is therefore un-
necessary here to trace either their origin or thqir early
development Nor can we divide ecclesiastical brasses into
those periods which are suggested by the changing fashions of
armour and civil dress, for the vestments remain the same
until the end of the reign of Heniy VIII. and the general
disintegration of the Reformation movement. The date of
an ecclesiastical brass which has lost its inscription can there-
fore be assigned only by minute variations in the style of the
engraving, or by slight changes in the patterns of embroideries,
and by other indications which experience will dictate. For
example, long and flowing hair, particularly when it appears
curling in profusion behind the ears, is a special characteristic
of the earliest ecclesiastical brasses. In the fifteenth century
it becomes less and less flowing, and in the Tudor period is
represented as quite straight. Again, in the earlier brasses
the vestments appear to fit close to the person, as made
of fine materials ; the drapery is expressed with much grace-
fulness ; the lines are boldly and deeply cut, and there
is no shading, except in a few touches where the folds ter-
minate. In later brasses all these peculiarities will be found

100

"_ -* V ^ w

w ,4

HllJHAM h'h.URKHS,

HAMlMONbHiKE

MEDIEVAL CLERGY OF ENGLAND loi

to have undergone a decided change, and the differences
are often conspicuously marked.

The illustration given is of the fine brass of Laurence de
St Maur ("laureci' de sco Muiro"), 1337, upon an altar tomb
in the church of Higham Ferrers, Northants. The central
panel of the canopy contains the Heavenly Father, the soul, and
two angels, flanked by St. Peter and St. Paul, St. Andrew and
St Thomas ; the four evangelists occupy the comer panels of
the shafts, and the other figures are St Gabriel (with probably
the Blessed Virgin opposite to complete an Annunciation), St
John the Baptist (and perhaps St. Mary Magdalene), St
Stephen (and almost certainly St Laurence), the Abbot
St Maur and St Christopher, whose bare feet stand in the
river with a fish. The two dogs quarrelling over a bone below
the priest are probably unique. The whole brass measures
8 feet 3 inches by 3 feet 5 inches, and though it was wholly
prepared for the priest himself, yet the tomb may have been
intended for some one else, perhaps an Earl of Lancaster.
Stone escutcheons on the sides bear " England," and the figure
does not fit its matrix with absolute accuracy.

About four hundred and fifty ecclesiastical brasses still
remain in England, the great majority consisting of priests in
eucharistic, processional, or choir vestments. Of these the
most important and numerous, though not generally the most
imposing, are the brasses which illustrate the vestments worn
at the celebration of the Holy Eucharist or Mass. These
were the alb, amice, stole, maniple, and, most important of all,
the chasuble. They are figured in more than two hundred
examples, and may be examined in the figure just given.

The alb was almost invariably made of white linen, and
was a long, rather close-fitting garment, with narrow sleeves,
and confined at the waist by a girdle or band. Other materials,
and even colours, sometimes appear in the old inventories, as,
for instance, twenty silk albs at Westminster Abbey in 1388,
twenty red albs for Passion Week, forty blue albs " of divers

I

I02 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

sorts/' and seven albs called Ferial black, at Peterborough,
1539, or "One olde aulbe of whyte velvyt" at St Martin's,
Dover, in 1536.

But the ordinary material was linen and the colour white.
In the periods covered by brasses, albs were universally
ornamented with pieces of embroidery called apparels, sewn
on to various parts of the vestment Two of these were placed
upon the sleeves, at first often encircling the arms like cuffs,
but afterwards reduced to small square patches on the other
side. A much lai^er piece, rectangular in shape, was fastened
at the foot of the alb, touching, or a little above, the lower hem.
These appear in all the brasses. Other similar apparels, not
visible, were placed at the back and breast, and behind the
skirt They could usually be removed when the alb was
washed.

The amice encircled the neck. It was in reality a large
kerchief with an apparel of embroidered work along one of
its sides, and fastened by long strings over the breast and
round the body. When it was in position, the apparel was
turned down like a collar, and was so far open as to leave the
throat of the wearer exposed. The material was linen. Alb,
girdle, and amice formed also the conventional dress of angels,
and will thus be found on brasses. In the evangelistic symbols,
so frequently introduced at the comers of marginal inscriptions,
St. Matthew is always represented by an angel in this attire.
So also where angels support the head-cushions of recumbent
figures, or occur in canopies.

The stole was a narrow band, usually embroidered through-
out its entire length, and longer than the stole of modem use.
It hung from the neck and was crossed over the breast, being
held in position by the girdle of the alb. The ends were often
widened, or terminated in a small square compartment, and
were fumished with a fringe. Only the ends are seen in
brasses, except in a very few instances. One of these is at
Sudborough, Northants., where the small figure of John

MEDIAEVAL CLERGY OF ENGLAND 103

West, chaplain, is included in the brass of his parents,
William and Joan West, 141 5, and appears without his
chasuble ; others are at Horsham, Sussex, c, 1430, and Upwell,
Norfolk, 1435, in the brasses of priests who wear a cope
instead of a chasuble over the other eucharistic vestments.

The maniple was a short piece of embroidered work, with
fringed ends like those of a stole, and commonly of the same
width and pattern. It was worn over the left arm, hooked or
buttoned to the sleeve, or caught together so that the upper
part formed a loop, as in the brass of Richard Brodewey, rector
of Purse Caundle, Dorset, in 1536.

The chasuble was put on over the other vestments, and in
English brasses almost always takes the form of a pointed
oval, or " vesica piscis," with an aperture in the middle for the
head to pass through, but wide enough to show the whole of
the apparel of the amice. It hung down over the front and
back of the wearer to some distance, and covered the upper
part of the arms, though not sufficiently so to interfere with
their free action. In a large number of examples the chasuble
is quite plain. In many others its hem is ornamented with
braid, narrow and simple, or wide and enriched with a pattern
of flowers or geometrical figures recurring at regular intervals.
Occasionally there is a central orphrey, as it is called, though
less often on the chasubles of parish priests than on the richer
vestments of bishops and other dignitaries. This orphrey was
usually a broad pillar of embroidery on the front, denominated
a pectoral, and corresponding with a dorsal at the back. It
can be seen in the illustration of the brass of Abbot Estney
on p. 113. In the richest examples, as in the foreign work of
St. Albans and Wensley, there are side branches which passed
over the shoulders, and were called humeral orphreys. When
the upper part of the pillar was omitted, as was often the case,
the ornament is seen to be in the shape of a Y, and closely
resembles the pall of an archbishop. In a few late instances
the ground of the chasuble was itself diapered with some rich

I04 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

pattern. Its material was always the best that could be
procured, as of silk, velvet, or cloth of gold. Thus at Lincoln,
in 1536, there was "a Chesable of rede cloth of gold w*
orfreys before and behind sett w' perles blew white and rede
w* plaits of gold enamelled ; " another " of Rede velvett w'
kateryn wheils of gold ; ** another " of Rede sylk browdered w'
falcons and leopardes of gold ; " another '* of whyte damaske
browdered w* flowers of gold ; " and another " of purpur satten
lynyd w^ blew bukerham havyng dyvetse scripturs."

The following list is a selection of perfect or nearly perfect
examples of priests in the eucharistic vestments as described
above. Demi-figures, which are fairly numerous, as well as
mutilated figures, have been purposely omitted. So have
most of those small figures which are less than 18 inches in
height, and of which there are a considerable number. Indeed,
the average size of these brasses is less than that of any other
class, and there are few above 3 feet Higham Ferrers,
Horsmonden, Wensley, Northfleet, and Hoo St. Werbui^h,
are exceptions to the general rule, and the two first are
also enriched with canopies, another rare feature in the section.

Higham Ferrers, Northants., 1337, Laurence de St Maur.
Horsmonden, Kent, c. 1340, John de Grovehurst.
Sparsholt, Berks., c. 1360, Wm. de Herleston.
North Mimms, Herts., c. 1360, unknown, with chalice.
Brundish, Suffolk, c, 1360, Esmound de Bumedissh.
Wensley, Yorks., c. 1360, Simon de Wenslagh, with chalice.
Shottesbrooke, Berks., c. 1370, unknown.
Stoke-in-Teignhead, Devon, c. 1370, unknown.
Crondall, Hants., c. 1370, unknown.
Althorpe, Lines., ^. 1370, Wm. de Lound.
Hayes, Middlesex, c. 1370, Robt Levee.
Northfleet, Kent, 1375, Peter de Lacy.
Beachamwell St. Mary, Norfolk, c. 1385, unknown.
Great Amwell, Herts., c. 1400, unknown.
Stanford-on-Soar, Leics., c. 1400, unknown, with chalice.
West Wickham, Kent, 1407, Wm. de Thorp.

MEDIyEVAL CLERGY OF ENGLAND 105

Emberton, Bucks., c. 1410, John Mordon.

Hoo St Werburgh, Kent, 141 2, Rich. Bayly.

Shere^ Surrey, 141 2, Robt. Scarclyf.

Haddenham, Bucks., c. 1420, unknown.

Little Easton, Essex, c. 1420, Robt Fyn.

St Nicholas, Warwick, 1424, Robt. Willardsey.

Woodford-cum-Membris, Northants., c, 1425, Nich. Stafford.

Milton Keynes, Bucks., 1427, Adam Babyngton.

Iden, Sussex, 1427, Robt Seller.

Bainton, Yorks., 1429, Roger Godeale, with chalice.

Battle, Sussex, c, 1430, Robt Clere.

Monks Risborough^ Bucks., 1431, Robt. Blundell.

Puttenham, Surrey, 1431, Edw. Cranford.

Great Bromley, Essex^ 1432, Wm. Bischopton.

Yelden, Beds., 1434, John Heyne.

Little Wittenham, Berks., 1433, John Churmound.

Tansor, Northants., 1440, John Colt

Polstead, Suffolk, r. 1440, unknown.

Arundel, Sussex, 1445, John Baker.

Willian, Herts., 1446, Rich, (joldon, with heart.

Turweston, Bucks., c. 1450, unknown.

Tattershall, Lines., 1456, Wm. Moor.

Whitchurch, Oxon., 1456, Roger Gery, with chalice.

St Peter's, Bristol, 1461, Robt Lond, with chalice.

Wood Bailing, Norfolk, 1465, Robt Dockyng.

Lingfield, Surrey, 1469, John Swetecok.

Broxboume, Herts., c, 1470, unknown.

Letchworth, Herts., 1475, Thos. Wyrley, with heart.

Fulboum, Cambs., 1477, Gulfrid Bysschop.

Cirencester, Glos., 1478, Ralph Parsons, with chalice.

West Harling, Norfolk, 1479, ^Iph Fuloflove.

Childrey, Berks., c, 1480, unknown.

Laindon, Essex, c 1480, unknown, with chalice.

Sharington, Norfolk, i486, John Botol£f.

St Ethelred, Norwich, 1487, Roger Clerk.

Childrey, Berks., c. 1490, unknown, with chalice.

Hitchendon, Bucks., 1493, Robt. Thurloe.

Blewbury, Berks., 1496, John Balam.

St. John's, Stamford, Lines., 1497, Hen. Sergeaunt.

io6 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Higham Ferrers, Northants., 1498, Hen. Denton, with chalice.

Great Musgrave, Westd., 1500, Thos. Ouds, small.

Lingfield, Surrey, 1503, John Knoyll.

Campsey Ash, Suffolk, 1504, Alex. Inglisshe, with chalice.

Fladbury, Worcs., 1504, Wm. Plewme, small.

Houghton Regis^ Beds., 1506, Wm. Walley.

Brightwell, Berks.^ 1507, John Scolffyld, with chalice.

Souldeme, Oxon., 1508, Thos. Warner.

Aldboume, Wilts., 1508, Hen. Frekylton, small.

Wimington, Beds., c. 1510, John Stokys, with chalice.

Ashover, Derbys., c, 15 10, unknown.

Littlebury, Essex, c, 15 10, unknown, with chalice.

Great Greenford, Middlesex, c. 15 15, Thos. Symons.

St Cross, Winchester, Hants., 15 18, Thos. Lawne.

Clothall, Herts., 1519, John Wryght, with chalice.

Tattershall, Lines., 15 19, Wm. Symson.

Great Addington, Northants., 15 19, John Bloxham, with chalice.

Stanton Harcourt, Oxon., 15 19, Hen. Dodschone.

Latton, Essex, c, 1520, unknown, with chalice.

Hickling, Notts., 1521, Ralph Babyngton, with chalice.

Great Rollright, Oxon., 1523, Jas. Batersby, with chalice.

Birchington, Kent, 1523, John Heynys, with chalice.

Tottemhoe, Beds., 1524, John Warwickhyll, with chalice.

Evershot, Dorset, 1534, Wm. Grey, with chalice.

Bettws, Montgy., 153 1, John ap Meredyth, with chalice.

Betchworth, Surrey, 1533, Wm. Wardysworth, with chalice.

Eton College, Bucks., 1535, Wm. Horman, with chalice.

Wyvenhoe, Essex, 1535, Thos. Westeley, small, with chalice.

Purse Caundle, Dorset, 1536, Rich. Brodewey, small.

Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks., 1545, Robt. Hanson, small.

In a few brasses, chiefly by inferior local engravers, the
stole, or maniple, or both, are sometimes omitted, probably
through ignorance or carelessness. Examples, almost all poor,
occur at Dronfield, Derbys., 1399; Clothall, Herts., 1404;
Blisland, Cornwall, 1410; Newton Bromshold, Northants.,
1426 ; Great Ringstead, Norfolk, 1485 ; Walton-on-Trent,
Derbys., c, 1490 ; Sparham, Norfolk, c. 1490 ; Coleshill,

io8 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Warws., 1 5CX) ; Blockley, Worcs., c. 1 5CX) ; West Lynn
Norfolk, 1503; Laindon, Essex, c, 1510; Wiveton, Norfolk,
1512 ; Middleton, Lanes., 1522 ; Somersham, Hunts., c. 1530 ;
and Brisley, Norfolk, 1531. In at least one instance, Long
Newnton, Wilts., 1 503, the maniple is placed on the right arm
instead of the left.

Bishops and mitred abbots wore the same eucharistic
vestments as priests, but with the addition of the tunicle and
dalmatic below the chasuble, sandals, gloves, a ring upon the
second finger of the right hand, mitre and crozier.

The dalmatic was properly the distinguishing mark of a
deacon. It was a vestment much shorter than the alb, slit up
for a short distance on either side, and with a straight edge
before and behind. The left side and lower edge were usually
fringed for a deacon, both sides for a bishop. No known
English brass of a deacon has survived, except a palimpsest
fragment at Burwell, Cambs., but the dress appears in figures
of St Stephen, St. Philip, and St Laurence, where they
are introduced into canopies or ornamentation. The material
of the dalmatic was rich, like that of the chasuble, and in the
later examples was covered all over with an elaborate
pattern.

The tunicle was worn underneath the dalmatic, and was
similar to it in shape and ornament, though usually made only
of linen. It was appropriated to the use of sub-deacons and
bishops, and while sometimes entirely hidden by the dalmatic
can be perceived in most episcopal brasses.

The sandals were often richly adorned with jewels and
gold, and their open-work displayed the scarlet stockings,
which were also part of the official dress of the episcopate.

The ghveSy sometimes in brasses omitted, were also
frequently embroidered and jewelled ; often a large stone is
seen on the back of each hand.

The episcopal ring'wsis a circlet with a precious stone, never
engraved, and it was large enough to pass over the gloved

Lr-

MEDIAEVAL CLERGY OF ENGLAND 109

finger, though not beyond the second joint. The stone was
usually a sapphire, sometimes an emerald or a ruby.

The mitre and crazier are almost the only ecclesiastical
ornaments which show any considerable development during
the era of brasses. The two horns of the mitre were at first
in the shape of plain triangles, bent round so as to adapt them
to the outline of the head. In the thirteenth century the
material was changed from white linen to silk, and overlaid
with embroidery and pearls or other jewels. The early mitres
were low in height, with plain edges. As time went on they
grew in size, and crockets were added to the sides of the
horns. At a still later period they assumed the swelling or
rounded outline still retained. Their weight also increased,
until in the reign of Henry VIIL a silver-gilt mitre removed
from Fountains Abbey weighed as much as 70 ozs. Mitres
were classified according to the manner in which they were
ornamented. One simply made of white linen or silk, with
little or no enrichment, was called a " mitra simplex ; " one
with embroidery, but without precious metals or jewels, a
''mitra aurifrigiata ; " and one of rich metals and studded
with gems, a " mitra pretiosa," Two narrow strips of silk or
embroidery called "infulae," with fringed ends, hung down
from the back of the mitre, and can be well seen in the brasses
at York and East Horsley.

In writing of the crozier, it is necessary to explain that the
word is altogether synonymous with the title Pastoral Staff,
and that it was borne alike by bishops, abbots, and arch-
bishops. An impression prevailed amongst the antiquaries of
a past generation that the shepherd's crook should be called
distinctively a " pastoral staff," and the cross-staff of an arch-
bishop a "crozier." Such nomenclature will be found in
Haines, and to a certain extent in Boutell. But latterly this
has been shown to be an error, and the shepherd's crook
rightly called a " crozier," a name not properly applicable to
the cross-staff at all.

no THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

The crozier is usually represented as held in the left hand
or lodged against the arm, leaving the right hand free to be
uplifted in blessing. Its curved volute is enriched with foliage,
and in early examples encloses the Agpius Dei, as at St.
Albans, or some other device. The head gradually becomes
more heavy and less graceful ; it rises from clustered taber«
nacle work of considerable size and weight, and the volute
encloses foliage only. The staff, shod with a pointed ferule,
was generally of some precious wood, such as cedar or ebony,
and the head, detachable in later examples, of metal or occa-
sionally ivory. A scarf was frequently attached to the knop
below the crook, and was either called, like the lappet of the
mitre, an " infula," or else the ^* vexillum," in reference to the
labarum or cross-banner of the emperor Constantine. The
latest croziers are to be found in the post-Reformation brasses
of Henry Robinson, Bishop of Carlisle, 1616, at Queen's
College, Oxford, and of Samuel Harsnett, Archbishop of
York, 1 63 1, at Chigwell, Essex. The latter is a fine brass,
and though the old vestments are discarded, the swelling
mitre and voluted crozier, with its central rose, are worthy
of study. The brass of Bishop Robinson, here illustrated, is
small and very curious, being an allegorical picture 21 by i6f
inches, like the frontispiece of a book, and depicting the bishop
in a ruff and skull-cap, vested in rochet and chimere, kneeling
before his cathedral and his college, of which he was provost.
The volute of his crozier ends in an eye, while a large stork
stands upon the outer curve. The staff is inscribed, " Ps. 23.
— Corrigendo — Svstentando — Vigilando — Dirigendo," and
the infula has become a napkin, and bears the one word,
" Velando." A duplicate of this brass, copied from the original
at Queen's, was put over his grave in Carlisle Cathedral by
his brother, the Vicar of Crosthwaite.

Archbishops are usually, though not always, represented
with a cross-staff instead of a crozier, or even with both, as in
several foreign examples. They also wear the pall, which was

112 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

made only at Rome, and was specially bestowed by the Pope
upon all archbishops. It was simply a narrow loop or circle
of white lamb's wool placed over the shoulders, with a weighted
band hanging down behind and before. It was adorned with
purple or black crosses of silk, and originally fastened to the
chasuble by three gold pins.

England has retained a fair number of brasses showing
the episcopal vestments, as the following list will show : —

York Minster^ iS^S* ^^' de Grenefeld, Archbishop of York.
Hereford Cathedral, 1360, John Trilleck, Bishop of Hereford.
St Albans Abbey, c. 1360, Thos. Delamere, Abbot of St Albans.
Salisbury Cathedral, 1375^ Robt. Wyvil, Bishop of Salisbury.
Adderley, Salop., c. 1390, an unknown bishop or abbot
Westminster Abbey, 1395, John de Waltham, Bishop of Salisbury.

„ „ 1397, Robt. de Waldeby, Archbishop of York.

St Albans Abbey, 1401, lower part of Abbot Moote.
New College, Oxford, 141 7, Thos. Cranley, Archbishop of Dublin.
East Horsley, Surrey, 1478, John Bowthe, Bishop of Exeter.
Carlisle Ca^edral, 1496, Rich. Bell, Bishop of Carlisle.
Westminster Abbey, 1498, John Estney, Abbot of Westminster.
Edenham^ Lines., c 1500, an unknown archbishop.
Manchester Cathedral, 15 15, Jas. Stanley, Bishop of Ely.
New College, Oxford, c. 1525) John Yong, Titular Bishop of

Callipolis.
Ely Cathedral, 1554, Thos. Goodryke, Bishop of Ely.
St James', Clerkenwell, 1556, John Bell, Bishop of Worcester.
Tideswell, Derbys.^ i579} Robt Pursglove, Suffragan Bishop of

Hull.

The mutilated brass of Archbishop Grenefeld has already
been described at the end of the second chapter. Many of
the others are very fine. Thus, Bishop Trilleck's brass is
furnished with canopy and super-canopy. So is that of
Waltham, though grievously worn and mutilated. So is that
of Cranley, with triple pediment and super-canopy almost
perfect. Bishop Bell and Abbot Estney have also triple
canopies, and Archbishop Waldeby a fine single one. Abbot

114 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Delamere, with his great rectangle of foreign workmanship,
has one of the largest and most splendid brasses in England.
Bishop Wyvil is represented at three-quarters length, standing
within a large battlemented castle, with his champion at the
portcullis beneath him, in memory of his recovery of the Castle
of Sherborne for the see of Salisbury.

The first illustration, given on p. 107, is of the brass of
Archbishop Waldeby, and exhibits the vestments at a good
period, when simplicity and dignity were generally of more
account than elaboration of detail. Robert de Waldeby himself
was a notable personage. At first Bishop of Ayre, in Aqui-
taine, he was a chosen companion of Edward the Black Prince,
and tutor to his son Richard II., by whose influence he was
made Archbishop of Dublin, Bishop of Chichester, and finally
Archbishop of York. Richard's arms are placed at the finial
of his canopy. He had been a physician in his youth, and
was renowned for his learning both in medical and divine
science.

The second illustration is of John Estney, formerly Prior
of Westminster, and elected abbot in 1474 by Papal provision
on the recommendation of King Edward IV, He died in
1498, and his tomb and Sir John Harpedon's (cf. p. 152), raised
about 4 feet above the abbey floor, with their canopies and
iron railings, once formed the screen between the chapel of
St. John and the north ambulatory of the choir. Both were
moved and mutilated in the eighteenth century to make room
for the huge and cumbrous monument of General Wolfe.
They have been cut down to about a foot in height, and
placed on either side of the ambulatory. Estne/s grave was
twice opened in the eighteenth century, in 1706 and 1772, and
a curious though gruesome account remains of the condition
in which he was found. He was ^Mying in a chest quilted
with yellow satten ; he had on a gown of crimson silk girded
to him with a black girdle. On his legs were white silk stock-
ings, and over his face, which was black, a clean napkin,

MEDIAEVAL CLERGY OF ENGLAND 115

doubled up and laid corner-wise ; the legs and other parts of
the body firm and plump."

The other brasses are of less importance, though all of
much interest At Adderley a book is held in the left hand,
and the crozier, therefore, transferred to the right The head
of Cranley's cross-staff, now mutilated, is a crucifix, as was
commonly the rule. Bishop Bowthe's small kneeling figure
is drawn in profile, and exhibits the lateral aspect of the
episcopal attire. Bell, like the prelate at Adderley, holds a
book, but it is open and in his right hand. The brass at
Edenham formerly occupied an almost inaccessible position in
a panel on the outer face of the church tower, 40 feet from the
ground. It has recently been taken down and placed inside
the church. Most probably it is not sepulchral, but the effigy
of St. Thomas of Canterbury, the patron saint of the donor of
the tower, the rivets of whose brass, with a kneeling figure, can
be seen lower down upon the tower. Bishop Goodryke was
one of the compilers of the reformed Prayer-book, which he
holds, clasped and with a seal attached, in his right hand. It
is, perhaps, remarkable that he, and Bell and Pursglove who
follow him, should still use the full vestments of the mediaeval
church. The effigy of John Bell, the lower part of which is
lost, was sold in 1788, when the old church of St James',
Clerkenwell, was demolished, and passed into the hands of
Mr. J. B. Nichols. After his death it was fortunately placed
in the new church at the instance of the late Mr. Stephen
Tucker, Somerset Herald.

CHOIR AND PROCESSIONAL VESTMENTS

The vestments already described were used only at celebra-
tions of the Holy Eucharist On other occasions, in choir and
at processions, the clei^ customarily wore cassock and
surplice, much as they do now, with the addition of the almuce
and hood, and the cope. The almuce was a large cape turned

ii6 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

down over the shoulders and lined with fur, which varied in
quality and colour with the degree of the wearer. Doctors of
Divinity and canons wore an almuce lined with grey fur, the
former being further distinguished from the latter by the
scarlet colour of the outside cloth ; all others wore ordinary
dark brown fur, the tails of the animals from> which the lining
was taken being sewn round the edge, and two long pendants
or lappets made to hang down in front. A good many brasses
show priests thus attired, without the cope. The fur lining,
which is the part exposed, is represented by cutting away the
metal, and filling up the surface with colouring matter or lead
inlaid. The brass of John Fynexs, at St. Mary's, Bury St.
Edmund's, will serve as an illustration. He was Archdeacon
of Sudbury, 1497-15 14.

Examples, chiefly of late date, are found at —

Winchester College, Hants., 1413, John Moiys, First Warden.

Cobham, Kent, 1418^ Wm. Tannere, demi.

Arundel, Sussex, 1419, Wm. Whyte, Master of College.

Bampton, Oxon., c, 1420, Thos. Plummyswode, demi.

Manchester Cathedral, 1458, John Huntington, Warden.

Wells Cathedral, c, 1465, unknown, demL

Billingham, Durham, 1480, Robt. Brerely.

Tredington, Worcs., 1483, Hen. Sampson, kn.

Eton College, Bucks., 1489, Thos. Barker, Fellow, in cap.

Byfleet, Surrey, 1489, Thos. Teylar, Canon.

Borden, Kent, 1490, Wm. Fordmell.

Aylsham, Noifolk, c, 1490, Thos. Tylson, B.C.L.

St. Cross, Winchester, 1493, ^ch. Harward, Warden.

Great Haseley Oxon., 1494, Thos. Butler.

Turvey, Beds., c. 1500, unknown.

Dean, Beds., 1501, Thos. Parker.

Eton College, Bucks., 1503, Henry Bost, Provost.

St. Mary the Virgin, Oxford, 1507, Edm. Croston.

Chartham, Kent, 1508, Robt. Sheffelde, M.A.

Tong, Salop., 15 10, Ralph Elcok.

Luton, Beds., c. 15 10, Edw. Sheffeld, LL.D., in cap.

Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk, 1514, John Fynexs, Archdeacon.

ii8 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Magdalen College, Oxford, 1515 Wm. Goberd, B.A., Archdeacon.

Great Cressingham, Norfolk, 15 18, John Aberfeld, B.C.L.

St. George's Chapel, Windsor, 152a, Robt. Honywode, LL.D. qd. pi.

East Mailing, Kent, 1522, Rich. Adams, with chalice.

Greystoke, Cumberland, 1526, John Whelpdale, demi, very small.

King's College, Cambridge, 1528, Robt Hacombleyn, Provost.

St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, 1528, Robt Sutton, Dean, qd. pi.

Sibson, Leics., 1532, John Moore, MA.

St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, 1537, Geoff. Fyche, Dean, qd. pi.

Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, 1557, Jas. Coorthopp, Dean of

Peterborough.
King's College, Cambridge, 1558, Robt. Brassie, S.T.P., Provost.

But it was much more usual for priests in surplice and
almuce to wear also the cope, especially if they were dignitaries
of the Church. The brasses of more than a hundred coped
ecclesiastics have come-down to us, many being of large size
and richly canopied. In this they form a striking contrast
to those of the parish priests in eucharistic vestments, of which
the majority are small. The cope, therefore, generally shows
the church dignitary, or at least the man of wealth. In itself
too, the cope was a costly and imposing vestment Its material
was silk, cloth of gold, velvet, or other precious stuffs, and its
form was that of a heavy cloak, fastened on the breast by a
jewelled brooch called the morse. Richly ornamented orphreys
invariably adorned the straight edges in front, and were some-
times carried round the lower hem. The general surface was
usually plain, though occasionally covered by a bold pattern,
as in the figure (cf. illustration) of Robert Langton, D.C.L.,
1 5 1 8, at Queen's College, Oxford, who also wears a doctor's cap.
A small triangular or semi-circular hood was attached to the
cope, but this is hidden, except in a very few instances, by
the upper part or hood of the almuce, which can be seen at
the neck, just as its lappets are visible beyond the long sleeves
of the surplice.

Henry de Codryngtoun, Prebendary of Oxtoun and Crophill,

robert langtoh, d.c.l., 1518
queen's college, oxford
iBJc plate with rebus and ioiiuli ii omil(ed)

I20 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

in Southwell Collegiate Church, and Rector of Bottesford,
Leicestershire, 1404, is here given as an illustration. The
brass is a particularly fine one, the figure alone measuring
about 4 feet 9 inches. The pairs of saints upon the orphreys
of the cope are St Peter and St Paul, St John the Evangelist
and St James (of Compostella), St. John the Baptist and an
unknown bishop, St Catherine and St Mai^aret, and it will
be noticed that the morse bears a representation of the Holy
Trinity. The Blessed Virgin is placed in the central pedi-
ment of the canopy, and a curious roundel and four-leaved
rose are inserted just below the finial.

The list now following is believed to include most or all
of the finest coped priests, while some of the smaller examples,
as well as a few demi-figures, have been omitted : —

Rothwell, Northants., 1361, Wm. de Rothewelle, Archdeacon of
Essex.

St. Cross, Winchester, 1382, John de Campeden, Canon of South-
well.

Cottingham, Yorks., 1383, Nich. de Luda.

Fulboum, Cambs., 1391, Wm. de Fulburae, Canon of St Paul's.

Shillington, Beds., 1400, Matth. de Asscheton^ Canon of York and
Lincoln.

Boston, Lines., c. 1400, unknown.

Balsbam, Cambs., 1401, John Sleford, Master of the Wardrobe.

Castle Ashby, Northants., 1401, Wm. Ermyn.

New College, Oxford, 1403, Rich. Malford, Warden.

Bottesford, Leics., 1404, Hen. de Codyngtoun, Prebendary of South-
well.

Ashbury, Berks., 1409, Thos. de Bushbury, Canon of Hereford.

Horsham, Sussex, 1411^ Thos. Clerke.

Exeter Cathedral, 1413, Wm. Langeton, Canon of Exeter, kn.

Havant, Hants., 141 3, Thos. Aileward.

Flamstead, Herts., 1414, John Oudeby, Canon of Ware.

Elnebworth, Herts., 1414, Simon Bache, Canon of St. Paul's.

Ringwood, Hants., 141 6, John Prophete, Dean of Hereford and
York.

122 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Great Shelford, Caxnbs., 1418, Thos. Pattesle, Prebendary of South-
well.

Cotterstock, Northants., 1420, Robt Wyntryngham, Canon of
Lincoln.

Pulborough, Sussex, 1423, Thos. Harlyng, Canon of Chichester.

Thurcaston, Leics., 1435, John Mershden, Canon of Windsor.

Tredington, Worcs., 1427, Rich. Cassey, Canon of York.

Upwell, Norfolk, 1428, Hen. Mowbray.

Broadwater, Sussex, 1432, John Mapylton, Chancellor to Joan of
Navarre.

Hereford Cathedral, 1434, John Stanwey, Dean of Hereford.

Upwell, Norfolk, 1435, Henry Martyn.

Warbleton, Sussex, 1436, Wm. Prestwyk, Dean of St Mary's College
in Hastings Castle.

St George's Canterbury, 1438, John Lovelle.

Bottesford, Leics., c, 1440, John Freman.

Harrow, Middlesex, 1442, Simon Marcheford, Canon of Sarum and
Windsor.

Ashbury, Berks., 1448, Wm. Skelton, LL.B.

Winchester College, Hants., 1450, Robt Thurbem, Warden.

Chartham, Kent, 1454, Robt. Arthur.

Theydon Gemon, Essex, 1458, Wm. Kirkaby.

Balsham, Cambs., 1462^ John Blodwell, Dean of St. Asaph.

Harrow, Middlesex, 1468, John Byrkhed.

Merton College, Oxford^ 147I1 Hen. Sever, S.T.P., Warden.

Beeford, Yorks., 1472, Thos. Tonge, holding book.

Charlton-on-Otmoor Oxon., 1475, Thos. Key, Canon of Lincoln.

Wilburton, Cambs., 1477, Rich. Bole, Archdeacon of Ely.

Buckland, Herts., 1478, Wm. Langley, with chalice.

Magdalen College, Oxford, 1480, Wm. Tibarde^ S.T.B., President

Faversham, Kent, c. 1480, Wm. Thombury.

Hanbury, Staffs., c. 1480, unknown.

Kirkby Wharfe, Yorks., ^ 1480, Wm. Gisborne, Canon of York.

Quainton, Bucks., 1485, John Spence.

Eccleston, Lanes., r. 1485, unknown.

Girton, Cambs., 1492, Wm. Malster, Canon of York.

New College, Oxford, 1494, Walter Hyll, M.A., Warden.

Girton, Cambs., 1497, Wm. Stevyn, Canon of Lincoln.

Hitchin, Herts, 1498, Jas. Hart, B.D.

MEDIiCVAL CLERGY OF ENGLAND 123

God's House, Southampton, c. 1500, unknown.

Stevenage, Herts., c, 1500, Stephen Hellard, Canon of St. Asaph.

Wimpole, Cambs., 1501, Thos. Worsley.

All Saints, Stamford, Lines., 1508, Hen. Wykys.

Tattershall, Lines., c, 15 10, unknown.

Orpington, Kent, 151 1, Thos. Wilkynson, M.A., Prebendary of Ripon.

Croydon, Surrey, 1512, Silvester Gabriel.

Trinity Hall, Cambs., 1517, Walter Hewke, D.C.L.

Willesdon, Middlesex, 1517, Wm. Lichefield, LL.D., Canon of St.

Paul's.
Queen's College, Oxford, 15 18, Robt Langton.
Woobum, Bucks., 15 19, Thomas Swayn, Prebendary of Aylesbury.
St Just, Cornwall, c. 1520, unknown.
Dowdeswell, Glos., c. 1520, unknown.

Hackney, Middlesex, 1527, Christopher Urswic, Dean of Windsor.
New College, Oxford, 1521, John Rede, B.D., Warden.
Eton College, Bucks., 1522, Wm. Boutrod, ** Pety-canon" of Windsor.
Higham Ferrers, Northants., 1523, Rich. Wylleys, Warden.
Hereford Cathedral, 1529, Edm. Frowsetoure, Dean of Hereford.
Withii^ton, Salop., 1530, Adam Grafton, Chaplain to Edward V.
Wendron, Cornwall, 1535, Warin Penhallinyk, Prebendary of

Glaseney.
Rauceby, Lines., 1536, Wm. Styrlay, Canon of Shelford.
Clothall, Herts., 1541, Thos. Dalyson, LL.B., Master of Hospital.
Winchester College, Hants., 1548, John White, Warden.
Sessay, Yorks., 1550, Thos. Magnus, Archdeacon of East Riding.

In a few of the examples, as at Clothall and St George's,
Canterbury, the almuce is not worn, and such brasses will
show with more or less distinctness the neck of the surplice,
which is gathered, or pleated, or even smocked.

In a very few others the alb and amice of the eucharistic
vestments are substituted for cassock and surplice. Instances
occur in the brasses at Horsham, 141 1 ; Upwell, 1428 and
1435 ; Beeford, 1472 ; Hitchin, 1498 ; and Rauceby, 1536.

Canons of Windsor were entitled to wear, instead of a cope,
the mantle of the Order of the Garter, of which they were
members. It is to be recognized by a small cross on the left

124 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

shoulder, but there are very few examples of its use. The
earliest is at Northstoke, Oxon., c. 1370, in the headless demi-
figure of Roger Parkers ; except for its badge, the mantle is
quite plain, and is fastened by a tasselled cord passing through
two pairs of lace-holes and falling on the breast. Another
is at Bennington, Herts., c. 1450, and consists only of the
mutilated fragment of a priest in an ordinary cope, but with
the badge upon his shoulder. The third and last is at Eton
College, 1540, to Roger Lupton, LL.D., Provost of Eton ; his
mantle is worn over a furred cassock, and is fastened by a
small brooch.

The cassock has been mentioned as the first of the choir
vestments. As a matter of fact, it was the ordinary walking
dress of the clergy, and was worn at all times, and under all
other vestments, being, however, completely hidden by the
long alb. There are a few brasses in which priests are
represented in the cassock only.

Girdynham, Cornwall, c. 1400, Thos. Awmarle.
Aspley Guise, Beds., ^ 14x0, a kneeling figure.
Quainton, Bucks., 1433, John Lewys, kn*
Cirencester, Glos., c. 1480, unknown.
North Creake, Norfolk, c, 1500, unknown.
Shorwell, Isle of Wight, 15 18, Rich. Bethell.
Cley, Norfolk, c, 1530, John Yslyngton, S.T.P.
Nortbleach^ Glos., c. 1530, Wm. Lawnder, kn.

Awmarle might easily be mistaken for a civilian, and
carries an anelace at his girdle. Bethell and Yslyngton have
each a scarf fastened by a small rose-brooch to the left
shoulder, and thrown about the neck, the latter wearing also
a doctor's cap. The North Creake priest, if indeed he be one,
is even more unusual. He wears a hood, loosely fastened by
a single button, and his rosary and bag hang from the belt
of his cassock. He carries a church, of which he must have
been the founder, upon his left arm. The brass has lost its

MEDIEVAL CLERGY OF ENGLAND 125

inscription and is unidentified, but may have been moved to
the church from Creake Abbey after the dissolution.

ORNAMENTATION

The details of the ornamentation applied to ecclesiastical
vestments are of great variety. Stole and maniple almost
always match, and are of the same breadth, the pattern being
continued throughout the entire length, with sometimes a

STOLE FBOU (lost) BKASS OF UANIFLB PROH BKAS3 OF F)

ADAM M BACON, C. I3IO DE LACY, I375

FOKHIBLY AT OULTON, SUFFOLK NOKTHFLEBT, KENT

slight widening or a larger square compartment at the end.
The apparels of alb and amice usually agree with one another,
but often differ from the stole and maniple, while the other
vestments have their distinctive patterns. Rows of lozenges,
squares, or rounds, are of frequent occurrence, with four-leaved
flowers or cinquefoils. Such patterns are stiff" and formal, but
often g^ve place to elaborate floral designs. It is remarkable
that the cross is seldom used, except in the form of the fylfot,
a mysterious figure which appears in many different parts of
the world and among many different peoples : on Runic
monuments in Britain, in patterns of Greek vases and Roman
pavements, in China ten centuries before the Christian era,

126 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

and in Buddhist inscriptions and coins in India and in Thibet
Kach arm of the cross is turned at right angles, and forms the
Greek letter gamma. Hence it is also called the "cross
gamm^e," The fylfot is found in the patterns of many vest-
ments, as at Merton College, Oxford, 1310; Kemsing, Kent,
1320; Horsmonden, Kent, c. 1340; Lewknor, Oxon., 1370;
Shottesbrooke, Berks., c. 1370; Crondall, Hants., c. 1370;
Stifford, Essex, 1375; Chartham, Kent, 1454. The illus-

1360

tration is from the amice of Walter Frilende, at Ockham,
Surrey, c. 1360.

But it is in the orphreys of copes that the most interesting
designs will be found, for they were not only richer, but in a
manner Jess sacred than vestments used exclusively at the
eucharist. Upon them alone, with but few exceptions, were
admitted personal devices, initials, names, heraldic symbols, as
well as figures of apostles, saints, and angels, at full length.

Initials occur on the brasses at Horsham, where the letter
C enters into the composition of the orphrey, Fulboum,
Balsham, New College, Tredington, Winchester College, and
in the half-effigy of Thomas Mordon, LL.B., 1458, Treasurer
of St Paul's, at Fladbury, Worcestershire. At Broadwater,
Sussex, a Lombardic M for Mapylton, the name of the priest
commemorated, alternates with a maple-leaf, his rebus. The
Fulboum priest has the initials W. F, for William de Fulbume,
occurring alternately in lozenge-shaped spaces at the intervals

MEDIEVAL CLERGY OF ENGLAND 127

of a bold floral design. He was an ecclesiastic of considerable
importance, being a prebendary of St Paul's, chaplain to
King Edward III., and baron of the exchequer ; he was also
patron of Fulboum Church. Both the wardens, Malford and
Hyll, at New College, have a like arrangement of their initials,
R. M. and W. H. A mutilated brass at Great Shelford,
Cambs., 141 8, exhibits the entire name, Thomas Patesle, with
the letters separately inscribed in circles between lozenges.

Heraldic symbols are met with at Havant, where a wheat-
sheaf alternates with fleurs-de-lys in lozenges, between circles
with roses and leopard's masks. William de Fulbume, just
mentioned, is more definitely heraldic, for his morse is charged
with armorial bearings as if it were a shield, argent^ a saltire
sable between 4 martlets gules. A similar arrangement is found
at Castle Ashby, in 1401, with the arms of William Ermyn,
Ermine, a saltire gules^ an a chief of the last a lion passant
gardant or.

The burial-service text from Job is a favourite in monu-
mental inscriptions ; in one instance, the fine canopied brass at
Warbleton, it occurs along the orphreys of the cope, with the
Credo of the commencement inscribed on the morse.

The figures of saints often appear on the orphreys of copes
in the largest and finest brasses, four or five on each side, and
add conspicuously to their merits. Examples occur at
Boston,^. 1400; Balsham, 1401 ; Castle Ashby, 1401 ; Ring-
wood, 1416; Harrow, 1468; Merton College, 147 1 ; Tatter-
shall, c. 1 5 10; Trinity Hall, 15 17, and elsewhere; the illus-
trated figure at Bottesford (p. 121) being an excellent specimen.
The morse was commonly jewelled or otherwise ornamented,
as a rich brooch might be expected to be. The letters IHS
(or its variants) occur at Balsham, 1401 ; Broadwater, 1432 ;
Clothall, 1 541, and other places; the full name lESUS at
Sessay; the Sacred Face at Knebworth, Ringwood, and
Tattershall; a half-length figure of the Saviour at Trinity
Hall ; the Holy Trinity at Cotterstock and Bottesford. Or,

128 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

as in the cope itself, a personal device may be given, such as
the coat-of-arms at Fulboum, or at Havant the initials T. A.
for Thos. Aileward.

It is difficult to close this chapter without a further account
of some of the great brasses of coped priests which rank
amongst the finest memorials of their kind. But the list is
too long, and it must be enough to speak of those two
splendid brasses at Balsham, which have been already several
times mentioned. They lie upon the chancel floor between
the beautiful stalls and within the rood-screen, which were
erected by the first of the two priests. This was John de
Sleford, rector of Balsham, Master of the Wardrobe to Edward
III., Chaplain to Queen Philippa of Hainault, Canon of Wells
and afterwards of Ripon, Prebendary of St Stephen, West-
minster, 1363, and Archdeacon of Wells, 1390. His brass
measures in all nearly 8^ by 4^ feet, and the figure 5 feet
2 inches. There is an elaborate triple canopy, in which the
central pediment supports a shrine or tabernacle, divided
into two storeys by a transom, arched below. In the lower
compartment the soul of the deceased is supported in a sheet
by two angels, after the manner of those foreign compositions
which the chaplain of Queen Philippa may well have seen
and studied during his travels on the Continent In the upper
storey there is a representation of the Holy Trinity, to whom
the church of Balsham is dedicated. The finials of the side
pediments are gone, but there remain the figures of two
seraphim which were poised upon them. Between the
seraphim and the outer pinnacles of the canopy are shields.
On the dexter side is Quarterfy—ist and 4IA, sentie of fleurs-
de4ys. Old France ; 2nd and %rd^ three lions passant gardant,
England. On the sinister is the same, impaling Hainault:
Quarterly — ist and ^thy or, a lion rampant sable, Flanders ;
2nd and yd, or, a lion rampant gules, Holland. The arms of
the See of Ely, gules, three crowns or, are also displayed, upon
a shield of which the companion is lost Sleford's figure is of

MEDIAEVAL CLERGY OF ENGLAND 129

no less interest than his canopy, for the orphreys of his cope
are ornamented with five pairs of saints under embattled
canopies supported by singular twisted shafts. The name in
black letter is inscribed underneath each as follows : —

S' Maria cu fil S' Johes Bap

S' Johes £wg S' £theldreda

S' Katarina S' Fetnis

S' Paulus S' Margarita

S' Maria Mag' S' Wilfridus

On the morse there is the sacred monogram IS. It is
repeated upon two roundels, one on either side of the figure,
and also occurred twelve times upon the now slightly muti-
lated marginal inscription, where it marks the beginnings of
the hexameters in which it is written. The brass is much
worn, and is not very familiar, perhaps on account of the
isolation of the vills^e, which is situated about twelve miles
from Cambridge, on the Newmarket Downs.

The second brass is equally large, and measures altogether
8 feet 9 inches by 4 feet i inch. John Blodwell was bom at
Llan-y-Blodwell, near Oswestry, was Dean of St Asaph in
1418, Prebendary of Lichfield and of Hereford, Canon of St
David's, and finally Rector of Balsham, 1439-1462. His
canopy is of a totally different character to that of his pre-
decessor. It is embattled with a single arch, rising from
broad shafts, in each of which are four niches, containing
saints and labelled with their names, as on Sleford's cope —

S' Johes Baptista Scs Johes Eviig

Scs petrus Scs Andreas

S* Assaph Epc Ss Nicholaus Epc

Sea Brigida Sea Wenefreda

The cope also has saints, in embattled and canopied niches
down the orphreys, but they are so worn that it is almost
impossible to make out the names. The two uppermost are
St. Michael and St. Gabriel, the two next are archbishops,

K

I30 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

and the next bishops ; the two lowest are St Catherine and
St. Margaret The surface of this cope is ornamented with
lions' heads in roundels. The inscription is at the foot, and
is most curious, being cast in disdogue form as though
between Blodwell and his guardian angel, the former's words
being in relief and those of the angel incised. A border fillet
surrounds the whole composition.

APPENDIX (i)
The Religious Orders

It would be almost impossible to over-estimate the power and
influence of the English monasteries during the era of brasses up
till the time of the general dissolution in the reign of Henry VIIL
In the first volume of this series of " Antiquary's Books," upon English
Monastic Idfcy Abbot Gasquet enumerates more than eighteen hundred
religious houses, nearly all of which were still in their prime in the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. But in Henry's reign '' there was
no room for either the virtues or the vices of monastidsm," and the
reports of Thomas Cromwell's Royal Commissioners were laid before
Parliament in 1536, with the result that all houses whose incomes
fell below ;^2oo a year were at once suppressed, and their revenues
granted to the Crown. In 1539 the greater abbeys became involved
in the same ruin with the smaller, and their property was confiscated
or destroyed. The vast majority of their churches were wantonly
swept away, and with them the monumental brasses which had
adorned the gravestones of multitudes of the departed brethren.
Even where the churches remained, as in the case of the great cathe-
dral abbeys, the brasses were usually destroyed, and in many
instances a long array of despoiled slabs still testifies to the malici-
ousness of their desecration. Less than thirty monastic brasses now
remain, including those of five abbots, two priors, a sub-prior, seven
monks and one friar, two abbesses, a prioress, four nuns, and five or
more vowesses, for the whole of England.

In the list which follows, the three abbots already mentioned as

THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS 131

afifording examples of the episcopal vestments are not included.
Neither are fom: mutilated fragments which occur on the reverse
sides of palimpsest brasses at St. John's Maddermarket, Norwich,
c, 1320; at Tolleshunt Darcy, c. 1400, and at Upminster, c. i4Xo> in
Essex; and at Binfield, Berks., c, 1420. These also were all of
abbots (or bishops) in eucharistic vestments, the first bemg part of
the reverse of Robt. Rugge, 1558, the next of a lady, c, 1535, the
third of a civilian, c. 1540, and the last of an inscription to Rich.
Thumor, 1558. The monastic brasses, then, are these —

Quinton, Glos., c. 1430, Joan Clopton, widow, vowess.

Cowfold, Sussex, 1433, Thos. Nelond, Cluniac Prior of Lewes.

Nether Wallop, Hants., 1436, Dame Maria Gore, prioi^ess.

St. Laurence, Norwich, 1437, Geoff. Langley, Benedictine Prior of Horsham

St. Faith.
Denham, Bucks., c, 1440, John Pyke, friar.
St. John's Maddermarket, Norwich, c* 1440, a nun, daughter of lady on

reverse of inscription to Nich. Suttherton, 1540.
St. Albans Abbey, c. 1450, a Benedictine monk.
Halvergate, Norfolk, c. 1460, Brother Wm. Jememut, demi, on reverse of

Alice Swane, 1540.
Yeovil, Somerset, c, 1460, Martin Forester, monk, demi, on a lectern.
St. Albans Abbey, c. 1470, Robt. Beauver, Benedictine monk.
St. Albans Abbey, c. 1470, a Benedictine monk, demi.
Dagenham, Essex, 1479, a nun, one of children of Sir Thos. Urswyk.
Hornby, Yorks., 1489, a nun, one of children of Thos. Mountford.
Witton (Blofidd), Norfolk, c, 1500, Juliana AnyeU, widow, vowess.
Great Cotes, Lines., 1503, a nun, one of children of Sir Thos. Bar-

nardiston.
Minchinhampton, Glos., ^. 15 10, a monk and a nun, amongst children of

John Hampton.
Dorchester, Oxon., c, 15 10, Rich. Bewfforeste, Augustinian Abbot of

Dorchester.
Over Winchendon, Bucks., 15 15, John Stodeley, Augustinian Canon of St.

Frideswide's, Oxford.
Frenze, Norfolk, 15 19, Joan Braham, widow, vowess.
St. Albans Abbey, 1521, Thos. Rutlond, Benedictine sub-prior.
Elstow, Beds., c. 1525, Dame Elizth. Herwy, Benedictine abbess.
St. Mary de Crypt, Gloucester, 1529, Joan Cook, widow, vowess.
ShalstoD, Bucks., 1540, Susan Kyngeston, widow, vowess.
Denham, Bucks., c, 1540, Dame Agnes Jordan, Abbess of Sion.
Burwell, Cambs., 1542, John Lawrence, Benedictine Abbot of Ramsey.
Isleworth, Middlesex, 1561, Marg. Dely, nun. Treasurer of Sion.

132 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

There is a doubtful ecdeaastic at Watton, Herts., c. 1370, usually
described as wearing a plain cope, but more probably in monastic
attire. A small fragment, showing the head of a nun, c. 1380, was
found on the site of Kilbum Priory, and is preserved at St Mary's,
Kilbum. There is also a figure at South Creake, Norfolk, 1509,
given in an inscription of local origin as John Norton, clerk, vested
in a cope, and holding a crozier, assuredly in some way monastic.

The dress of monks usually consisted of the tunic, the scapular,
the gown, and the hood or cowl, and these varied in colour and
material according to the Order to which the wearer belonged. The
Benedictines or Black Monks were the most important and numerous^
holding many of the greatest abbeys. At St. Albans they are fairly
well represented by a sub-prior, a third prior, and two others, on all
of whom the gown appears with long sleeves, like those of a surplice,
and a cowl worn low upon the shoulders^ as though to serve for
tippet as well as hood ; the sleeves of the tunic are also seen at the
wrists. Beauver the third prior is stated in his inscription to have
served the convent as kitchener, refectorer, infirmarer, and spicerer
at various times during forty-six years. This inscription is perhaps
of sufficient interest to be given in full : —

" Hie iacet fTrater Robertus Beaiiuer ^udm hui' Monasterii Monachus
qui qdraginta sex annis | continuis & Ultra ministrabat in diusis officiis
maioribus & minorib' couent' monasterii | ^cripti Videlic' In Officiis
Tercii jporis Coquarii Refiectorarii & Inffirmarii £t in | officiis subreffecto-
rarii & sperii cduent' Pro cui' ala ffi-atres carissimi ffunie pees dignemini |
ad iudicem altissimu piissimu dmu ihm eristu Ut coneedat sibi suor'
veniam peccator' amen."

It is a little uncertain how the word for his last office in the
convent should be extended, but " spicerii," spicerer, seems to meet
the difficulty best The contractions are somewhat arbitrary through-
out The monk, who is very tall and thin, holds in his hands a
bleeding heart, which was inlaid with colour^ and is charged with six
drops of blood.

The Prior of Horsham St Faith was also a Benedictine, and is
dressed in the same way. His brass was saved from destruction by
being removed from the priory chiurch to Norwich.

I^wrence, the Benedictine Abbot of Ramsey, was originally
represented in full eucharistic vestments, but, surviving the dissolution

THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS 133

of the monastery, his brass was altered, and he appears in cassock,
surplice, and almuce. Fart of the first engraving, however, still
exists on the reverse side of the lower portion of his effigy, and the
outline of a mitre can be seen above the cushion on which his head
now rests.

The Cluniac was an adaptation of the Benedictine Rule, and Prior
Nelond at Cowfold precisely resembles the monks of St. Albans.
His brass is a very magnificent one, as the illustration shows, and its
canopy the finest in existence of purely English character. It will
be noticed that the central pediment is itself triplej and supports a
shrine containing the Blessed Virgin and Child, while figures — of
St Fancras and St. Thomas of Canterbury — supply the finials of the
others. The outside measurements of the brass are 7 ft. 2 in. by 3 ft.
It seems to be by the same hand as the almost equally fine, though
mutilated^ canopy of Abbot John Stoke at St. Albans, of which the
date is 145 1.

The one Augustinian abbot, at the Oxford Dorchester, wears his
gown and cowl open, over the ordinary choir vestments of cassock,
surplice, and almuce, his crozier reclining on his right arm ; he is not
mitred. At Over Winchendon, where there is a canon of the same
Ordjer, the dress is a fiir-lined cassock, a shorter tunic or rochet
fastened by a belt at the waist, and an open gown and cowl like
those of Richard Bewfforeste. Unlike the stricter Orders, Austin
canons were allowed to live away from their own communities, and
this one was vicar of his parish.

The Abbey of Nuns at Elstow was under the Benedictine Rule.
Its abbess, Dame Elizabeth Herwy, might be mistaken for a widow
in common life were it not for the crozier on her right arm. The
dress seems to have consisted of a long white gown, a black mantle
or cloak^ a white plaited barbe or chin-cloth, a veil headdress, and
a ring. Dame Agnes Jordan, Abbess of Sion, is attired in the same
way, but has no crozier, perhaps because her abbey was already sup-
pressed. One of her nuns, the treasurer of her house, Margaret
Dely, died still later, and wears no mantle. Her brass is extremely
small.

The other monastic brasses call for little remark^ more especially
as their identification is incomplete, and it cannot be stated to what
Orders they belonged. The single friar, in cowl and gown and
knotted cord, is on the reverse of a late brass to a lady, Amphillis

it OF LRWES, 1433

THE UNIVERSITIES 135

Peckham, 1545. The inscription and a shield are alike palimpsest^
and the latter bears, on the friar's side, a staff and birch-rod in saltire,
hence the supposition that Pyke — if Fyke it were — ^was a school-
master.

With regard to the vowesses^ it should be explained that widow
ladies frequently at the time of their mourning attached themselves to
a nunnery, and took monastic vows, dedicating themselves to God.
Like nuns, they were entitled to the appellation of " Dame," and are
usually so called. It is probable that Alianore de Bohun, Duchess
of Gloucester, whose fine canopied brass is in Westminster Abbey
(cf. p. 57), should be included in the list. After the murder of her
husband in 1397 she retired to the nunnery of Barking, in Essex,
where she died.

APPENDIX (2)

The Universities

It seems to be an established fact that most of the distinctive
University costumes were originally derived from ecclesiastical and
monastic dress, and that the schools were held within the precincts
of religious houses, or in churches. At Cambridge the Benedictines
maintained the College of St. Mary Magdalene^ then known as
Monks' or Buckingham College, and there were houses of the
Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, Gilbertines, Austin Friars,
Friars of the Sack, Bethlemite Friars, and Friars of Our Lady. The
first independent collie, Peterhouse, was formed by a body of
scholars who had seceded from the monastic Hospital of St John.
At Oxford the Benedictines, always first in learning and teaching,
held Canterbury and Durham Colleges and Gloucester Hall, the Austin
Canons St Mary's College, as well as the Priory of St. Frideswide's,
and the Cistercians St Bernard's College. As at the sister
University, there were also Dominicans, Franciscans, and Car-
melites, Austin Friars, and Friars of the Sack. There were also
Crutched Friars.

In academical brasses, therefore, we should expect to find an
ecclesiastical element predominant, and indeed with hardly an

136 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

exception it is of priests in academicals that we now have to treat.
Of these about seventy-five examples can be so described as distinct
from priests in almuces or in copes. Rather more than one-third are
at Cambridge and Oxford, the latter having the larger number, and
the rest are widely scattered.

But an insuperable difficulty meets us at once. A system of
degrees was established before the era of brasses began, but the
distinction in habit between one d^ree and another was chiefly
expressed, as it still is, by the colour and material of the garments
worn, rather than by their number and shape, As this is not shown
upon brasses, it is usually impossible to assign the exact degree of a
person in academicals, unless it is stated in the inscription.

A very frequent dress consists of the cassock and a garment of
about the length of a surplice, but with much shorter sleeves, open
and pointed^ reaching to the elbow, and generally of some thin
material. It may represent a linen rochet, or it may be a plain cloth
'* tabard." Over the shoulders is a cape or tippet, much shorter
than an almuce, and with a plain edge. It usually has a hood
attached.

A second dress is distinguished by the fact that the outer garment
has no sleeves, though it is equally short It is then certainly the
academical tabard. The wide sleeves of the cassock are dirust
through it, and the tippet and hood are worn as before. Thos.
Mason, M.A., 1501, and Nich. Goldwell, MA., 1533, at Magdalen
College, Oxford, John London, M.A. and S.T.S., 1508, at New
College, may be given as examples.

David Lloyd, LL.B., 15 10, at All Souls, a demi-figure in the
dress first described, has beside him a student (scolasHais) of civil
law, in a cassock, civilian's cloak looped upon the left shoulder, and
hood, and is without the tonsure. He, and perhaps Goldwell, who
is also untonsiured, are merely exceptions to the rule that academical
brasses are usually those of priests.

A more distinctive gown reaches'to the feet, and, like the last, has
two openings at the sides without sleeves, the tippet and hood being
worn over. It is then either the pallium or another form of the
tabard, called the " taberdum talare," and is believed to imply a higher
class of degree, possibly that of B.D. It is worn by John Bloxham
at Merton Collie, who held that degree, but also by the small
kneeling figure of Wm. Blakwey, 152 1, at Little Wilbraham, who

THE UNIVERSITIES 137

was only an M.A.^ and by a few others. The Doctorate in Divinity,
D.D., S.T.F.^ is more definitely expressed. A plain sleeveless gown
is worn, sometimes called the " cappa clausa/' from which the arms
appear through a single opening in front, which reaches only to a
short distance below the waist. The tippet is frequently of fiu*, and
a cap is worn, either fitting closely to the head, or raised about two
inches and brought to a low point in the middle. The skuU-cap
is worn by Dr. Billingford at St. Benef s, Cambridge, and Dr.
Hautryve at New College, Oxford, the raised cap by Dr. Towne and
Dr. Aigentein at King's, and apparendy by most other Doctors,
whether in academicals, or in surplice and almuce, or in cope. Dr.
Argentein is here illustrated, and is a good example, for his belted
cassock can be well seen through the opening of the cappa clausa.
He was elected Provost of King's College in 1501, and proceeded
to the degree of Doctor of Divinity in 1504, dying in 1507. Being
also a Doctor of Medicine, he was formerly physician to Arthur,
Prince of Wales. The length of the figure is 2 feet 4 inches, and it
is now screwed to a board and kept in one of the side chantries of
King's College Chapel. A marginal inscription, now lost, ran
thus: —

** Orate p* aia iohis Argentein artiu magistri medicinaru doctoris alme
scriptare professoris et huius coUegii prepositi qui obiit An* dni millmo
quingentesimo vii* et die mesis ffebruar' secudo cuius aie ppiciet' de'
Ame."

Doctors of Law and other faculties than that of Divinity wear
the cap, but seem to have used the pallium instead of the cappa
clausa*

At New College, Oxford, there is a fifteenth-century manuscript
(c. 1464) entitled Brevis Chronica de ortu^ vita^ et gesHs nohiUbus
reverendi viri WUIelmi de Wykeham^ at the begirming of which there
is a most interesting drawing (one of four) representing a bird's-eye
view of the college, and of the whole Society paraded in front of it in
their various habits. It has been carefully illustrated in the Transac-
tions of the St. FauVs Ecclesiological Society^ vol. iv.. Part III.
According to the statutes of William of Wykeham, the Society was
to consist of precisely 100 persons, viz. a warden, 70 scholars, 10
chaplains, 3 clerks, and 16 choristers. The scholars were to be
divided into ten Students of Canon Law, ten of Civil Law, and fifty

JOH» ARCENTEIN, n.D., ?ROVOST, I507

THE UNIVERSITIES 139

of Philosophy (or Arts) and Theology. All these hundred persons
are arranged in groups, with the Warden in the centre, facing the
rest, and dressed in cassock, tabard, tippet, and cap. Four Doctors
of Divinity are in the cappa clausa, tippet, and cap. Fifteen other
doctors are in the pallium or tabard — ^for none of them are visible
quite at full length — tippet, hood, and cap. Six Bachelors of
Divinity are hidden, all but their bare heads, behind the Doctors.
Thirteen Masters of Arts turn their backs to the spectator, and show
the tabard, tippet, and a hood, with one liripipe hanging nearly to the
waist Ten Bachelors of Canon Law and eight of Civil Law are
distinguished by what appears to be a sleeved tabard, or cappa
manicata, with tippet and hood. This is possibly the dress first
described on p. 136. Fourteen Bachelors of Arts are similarly
dressed, but turn their backs, and show a liripipe like that of the
M.A. group. The chaplains and clerks wear surplices, and some
of them scarves, and the choristers are also in surplices.

The drawing is not coloured, but may be taken to some extent
as a key to the broader divisions of academical attire. At least the
Doctorate stands out clearly, as it does in brasses. The sleeved
tabard also appears to indicate Bachelors of either Canon or Civil
Law or of Arts. The Arts hoods have their liripipes, but these, of
course, are not to be seen in a front view.

In the list of brasses which follows there are some doubtful
instances, but it has been made as complete as possible, and all those
figures have been included which can in any way be described as
being " in academicals.''

Great Brington, Northants., c. 1340, unknown, in cap.

Chinnor, Oxon., 1361, John Hotham, Provost of Queen's, " Mag. in

Theol.," in cap, demi.
Merton College, Oxford, 1372, unknown, sm. in head of cross.
Upper Hardres, Kent, 1405, John Strete, M.A., kneeling, in skull-cap.
St. John's College, Cambridge, c, 1410, £udo de la Zoucb, Master, mut.
Ledbury, Heref., c. 14 10, Wm. Calwe, kn. sm.
Lydd, Kent, 1420, John Mottesfont, B.C.L.
Great Hadham, Herts., c, 1420, unknown, demi.

Merton College, Oxford, c, 1420, John Bloxham, B.D., and John Whytton.
New College, Oxford, 1427, John Sowthe, " Juris Civilis Prof.," in skull-cap.
St. Benet's, Cambridge, 1432, Rich. Billingford, D.D., kn. in skull-cap.
Royston, Herts., 1432, Wm. Taverham.

I40 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Little St. Mary's, Cambridge, c. 1440, John Holbrook, mutil.

New College, Oxford, 1441, Wm. Hautryve, D.D., in skull-cap.

Merton Collie, Oxford, 1445, John Kyllyngworth, M.A., demi.

New College, Oxford, 1447, Geoff. Hargreve, S.T.S.

Thaxted, Essex, c. 1450, unknown.

Heme, Kent, c, 1450, John Darley, in skull-cap.

Boxley, Kent, 145 1, Wm. Snell, M.A.

New College, Oxford, 145 1, Walter Wake, S.T.S., demi.

PakeBeld, Suffolk, 145 1, Rich. Folcard, M.A., demi.

Brancepath, Durham, 1456, Rich. Drax, LL.B., demi.

Surlingham, Norfolk, 1460, John Alnwik, M.A.

Harrow, Middlesex, c, 1460, unknown, demi.

Ewelme, Oxon., c, 1460, Wm. Branwhait, demi.

New College, Oxford, 1468, Thos. Hylle, S.T.P., in skull-cap.

Stourmouth, Kent, 1472, Thos. Mareys.

Cheriton, Kent, 1474, John Child, M.A., sm.

Magdalen College, Oxford, 1478, Thos. Sondes, Scholar of Div.

Magdalen College, Oxford, 1478, Ralph Vawdrey, M.A., demi.

New College, Oxford, 1478, Rich. Wyard, B.C.L.

New College, Oxford, 1479, John Palmer, B.A.

Little St. Mary's, Cambridge, c, 1480, unknown D.D., in skull-cap.

Little Shelford, Cambs., c, 1480, unknown.

Barking, Essex, c, 1480, unknown, with chalice.

Strethall, Essex, c, 1480, unknown.

Great St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, London, 1482, Nich. Wotton, LL.B.

Great Horwood, Bucks., 1487, Hen. Virgine, sm.

Blockley, Worcs., 1488, Philip Worthyn, M.A., kn.

All Souls College, Oxford, 1490, Rich. Spekynton, LL.B., sm.

Welford, Berks., c, 1490, John Westlake, sm.

Fovant, Wilts., 1492, Geo. Rede, qd. pi.

King's College, Cambridge, 1496, Wm. Towne, D.D., in cap.

Bamingham, Suffolk, 1499, ^>^' Goche.

Great St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, London, c. 1 500, unknown.

Magdalen College, Oxford, c, 1500, Geo. J assy, demi.

Abingdon, Berks., 1501, Wm. Heyward, S.T.D.

Magdalen College, Oxford, 1501, Thos. Mason, M.A.

Magdalen College, Oxford, 1502, Walter Charyls, M.A., sm. demi.

Stokesby, Norfolk, 1506, Thos. Gerard, B.C.L., mutil.

King's College, Cambridge, 1507, John Argentein, D.D., in cap .

New College, Oxford, 1508, John London, M.A., S.T.S.

Ashby St Legers, Northants., 15 10, Walter Smyght.

All Souls College, Oxford, 15 10, David Lloyde, LL.B., and Thos. Baker,

S.C.L., demi.
Wantage, Berks., c, 15 10, unknown, sm.

THE UNIVERSITIES 141

Broxboume, Herts., c. 1510, unknown.

St. Michael Penkevil, Cornwall, 15 15, John Trembras, M.A.

Ewehne, Oxon., 15 17, John Spence, B.D.

Tong, Salop., 15 17, Arthur Vernon, M.A.

Bredgar, Kent, 15 18, Thos. Coly, with chalice.

Merton College, Oxford, 15 19, John Bowke, M.A., demi, with chalice.

Qey, Norfolk, c, 1520, John Yslington, S.T.P., in cap, with chalice.

Little Wilbraham, Cambs., 1521, Wm. Blakwey, M.A., kn. sm.

East Rainham, Norfolk, 1522, Robt. Godfrey, LL.B., with scarf.

St Alphege, Canterbury, 1523, Robt. Goseboume.

Magdalen College, Oxford, 1523, Nich. Goldwell, M.A., sm.

Winchester College, Hants., 1524, John Barratte, B.A., kn. sm.

Eton College, Bucks., 1525, Walter Smith, M.A.

Childrey, Berks., 1529, Bryan Roos, LL.D.

Barcheston, Warw., 1530, Hugh Humfray, M.A. and S.T.B.

Trinity Hall, Cambridge, c* 1S3O9 unknown.

Oiford Darcy, Hunts., c. 1530, Wm. Taylard, LL.D., kn. in cap.

Queens' College, Cambridge, c. 1535, unknown sm.

Christ's College, Cambridge, c. 1540, unknown.

Eton College, Bucks., 1545, Thos. Edgcomb, demi.

Westminster Abbey, 1561, Wm. Bill, S.T.D.

It must be remembered that many other academic persons are
included amongst the priests given in almuces and copes, the choir
and processional vestments being amply represented in the college
chapels, and sometimes in conjunction with the doctor's cap. There
are also a few of later date, belonging to the Elizabethan and
Jacobean periods. These almost invariably have mural brasses, and
represent men in the ordinary civilian gown of the time, from which
apparently has developed both the Genevan preaching-gown and the
University gown of present use. The latter has no aflSnity whatever
with the ancient ^ tabard."

CHAPTER VII

THE LANCASTRIAN PERIOD

1400-1453

THE number of brasses becomes greatly increased in the
period which we have now reached, and it includes very
many splendid examples. No finer English canopies
exist than those already mentioned in the memorials of Prior
Nelond, 1433, at Cowfold, and of Abbot Stoke, 145 1, at St
Albans. Indeed, several of the very best ecclesiastical brasses
are referred to this period, and the same may be said of both
military and civil brasses as well. And yet in the manner of
engraving there begin to be signs of that general deterioration
which in the next period plainly shows itself. The mediaeval
arts had passed their best point There was less freedom,
greater constraint and conventionality. Gothic architecture
was beyond its prime» and had adopted forms less graceful
than before. So with brasses we find that the lines of the
engraver's work were stifTer, narrower, and cut less deeply and
boldly than in the Plantagenet period. Side by side with
the great brasses of the time there appear a few of inferior
work, and many of small size and comparatively little interest.
By way of compensation the brasses become more and
more representative in character. The knights and country
gentlemen of England are to be found in abundance. So are
its merchants and traders. The bulk of ecclesiastical brasses

are of plain parish priests. In fact, it is the upper middle

142

THE LANCASTRIAN PERIOD 143

class, always the strength of England, which will be chiefly
found.

Of about five hundred brasses recorded as belonging to
the Lancastrian period, ' only five appear to commemorate
members of the nobility. These, however, are of special
interest, and deserve a few words of description.

The first is a fine brass at St Mary's, Warwick, once upon
an altar-tomb, and adorned with canopy and marginal in-
scription, but now, with its accessories lost, relaid and fixed
to the wall of the south transept. It commemorates Thos.
de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, 140 1, in the full armour
suited to his rank and importance, and with armorial bearings
upon his jupon, and Countess Margaret, daughter of William
Lord Ferrers of Groby, in heraldic mantle and kirtle. Her
hair is partially confined within a rich net, and on her fore-
head is a bandeau of jewels. The earl's jupon is chained
with Gules^ a fesse between six crosses crosslet ar^ the arms of
Beauchamp, and the lady's mantle is embroidered with the
same ; her kirtle displays those of Ferrers, Gules^ seven mascUs^
three three and one, or. These heraldic charges in both the
figures are all wrought with an elaborate diaper, produced by
delicately puncturing the surface of the plate, and by means
of the same process additional ornament is also imparted to
the costume. It has been pointed out that the intricacy of
the design and the beauty of the workmanship evince the
hand of no common artist, and that the pattern is similar to
that which appears upon the cast-metal efiigy of Anne of
Bohemia, the Queen of Richard II., in Westminster Abbey,
already described upon p. 60. As the brass is only three
or four years later than the royal tomb, it is not impossible
that both monuments were executed under the superintendence
of the same designer. The figure of the earl, besides the
flowing pattern of its diapered decoration, is pounced re-
peatedly with the ragged stafl*, the badge of the House
of Warwick ; and his feet rest on a chained bear, the other

144 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

ancient cognizance of his family. With the exception of its
occasional introduction into the works of the g^at German
brass engravers, this brass appears to be the only example of
enrichment by this species of diaper.

The next brass is that of Bartholomew, Lord Bourgchier,
1409, and his two wives, at Halstead, Essex, and represents
the same general style of armour and dress, though with
much less magnificence and a few later details. The
first wife was Margaret Sutton, and the second Idonea
Lovey.

The third is at Spilsby, Lincolnshire, 1410, to William, 4th
Lord Willoughby d'Eresby, and his first wife Lucy, daughter
of Roger, Lord Strange of Knocking. The whole brass is
peculiar, and probably of local origin, by a school of engravers
settled in Lincolnshire. The armour is very rich, and the
bascinet upon Lord Willoughb/s head is encircled with a
coronal of stiff roses. The lady's elaborately netted head-
dress is surmounted by a low fine coronet The figures are
not large, but rest upon an architectural base, in which shields
are inserted, and below a beautiful doubly-triple canopy (six
pediments), of which the side-shafts only are lost

At Merevale Abbey Church, Warwick, is the large and
fine brass of Robert Lord Ferrers of Chartley, and his lady,
1412, but without any distinctive marks of nobility.

Lord and Lady Camoys, 1419, at Trotton, are not only
represented by a very fine brass upon an altar-tomb, with
double canopy and embattled super-canopy, but are of prime
historic interest as well ; for Lord Camoys accompanied
Henry V. in his first great expedition to France, commanded
the left wing of the English army at Agincourt, and for his
bravery was created a Knight of the Garter. The brass is an
apt illustration of the words which Shakespeare has put into
the mouth of King Henry V. (act iv. scene 3) in his address
to the Herald of the Constable of France just before the
battle—

uS THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

** A many of cmr bodies shall, no doubti
Find native graves ; npon the which* I trust.
Shall witness live in brass of this day's work."

The Garter, with its l^end, is buckled below the left
knee, and twice encircles the Camoys coat of arms between
the shafts and finials of the canopy above. Elizabeth Lady
Camoys was the daughter of Edmund Mortimer, Earl of
March, and had formerly been the wife of Henry Percy, the
" Harry Hotspur " of familiar history.

The mention of these armed figures brings us to the con-
sideration of arms and armour, an especially important matter
in the Lancastrian period, when the history of the times was
so largely military. When Henry IV. established himself
upon the throne, the Plantagenet armour — bascinet, camail,
and jupon — was still in full use, and was worn at the battles
of Otterboume, in 1402, and Shrewsbury, 1403,. when Douglas
was captured and Hotspur slain, and in the miscellaneous
fighting which took place in many revolts against the authority
of the king. But before the Hundred Years' War with France
broke out afresh, just before Agincourt in 141 5, the type of
armour had completely changed. Then, and until the last
battle on French soil in 1453, the knights and gentlemen,
having abandoned the camail and jupon, were armed instead
in complete plate armour, a type thus associated almost
exclusively with the later French wars. It is interesting to
notice the dates. The Treaty of Troyes, by which Henry V.
was declared heir to the French crown, was signed in 1420,
when Henry married the French king's daughter Catherine.
His premature death occurred two years later, Henry VI.
succeeding in 1422 as an infant of nine months old. Orleans
was relieved, by the energy and enthusiasm of Jeanne Dare,
in 1429, and Charles VII. crowned at Rheims. But the
English still held Paris, and there Henry's solemn coronation
took place in 1431, after which came the death of the Duke
of Bedford and the beginning of the end. The struggle

THE LANCASTRIAN PERIOD 147

lasted for twenty years longer, until Normandy and the north
were finally lost in 145 1. In Gascony in 1453 the men of the
last English army were mown down by the French guns, and
its leader, Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, left dead upon the
field.

To such a history the monuments must bear some witness,
and this will be found in the armed figures, to the number of
about one hundred and sixty, of the brasses of the Lancastrian
period. As a general rule, only names and dates are mentioned
in the inscriptions, but here and there an interesting title is
added or known. Thus we have Sir Peter Courtenay, 1409,
Captain of Calais — "Camerarius intitulatus Calesie gratus
Capitanus " — at Exeter Cathedral ; Sir Thos. Swynbome, 1412,
"Mair de Burdeux & Capitaigne de Fronsak," at Little
Horkesley, Essex; Sir Thos. Peryent, 141 5, Esquire-at-arms
to Richard II., Henry IV., and Henry V., and also Master
of the Horse to Queen Joan of Navarre, at Digswell, Herts. ;
Sir Symon Felbrygge, K.G., 1416, Standard-bearer to Richard
IL, at Felbrigg, Norfolk ; Matthew Swetenham, 1416, "Portitor
Arcus " and Esquire to Henry V., at Blakesley, Northants. ;
Sir Thos. le Straunge, 1426, Constable of Ireland, at Welles-
bourne, Warwickshire ; Sir Thos. Brounflet, 1430, Cup-bearer
to Richard II., at Wimington, Beds. ; and John Thockmorton,
Esq., 1445, Under-Treasurer of England, at Fladbury, Wor-
cestershire ; besides priests like Canon Bache, 1414, Treasurer
of the Household to Henry V., at Knebworth, Herts., or John
Mapylton, 1432, Chancellor to Queen Joan, at Broadwater,
Sussex.

In dividing the armed figures of the period into three
sections, we shall find a certain correspondence in the dresses
of the ladies who accompany them. The following list con-
tains most, if not all, of the best brasses of the earlier type,
in which the armour of the men is still that of the Plantagenet
age, and includes the pointed bascinet, camail, and jupon,
with the broad bawdric across the hips : —

148 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Playford, Suffolk, 1400, Sir Geo. Felbrigg.

Gunby St Peter, Lines., c. 1400, Sir Thos. Massingberd and wife,

under double canopy.
Laughton, Lincs.^ c. 1400, man in armour^ under triple canopy.
Dyrham^ Glos., 1401, Sir Morys Russel and wife.
Blickling, Norfolk, 1401, Sir Nich. Dagworth.
Hurstmonceux, Sussex, 1402, Sir Wm. Fienlez, under canopy.
Sawtry All Saints, Hunts., 1404, man in armour, and wife.
Cobham, Kent, 1405, Sir Reg. Braybrok, under canopy.
Rougham, Suffolk, 1405, Sir Roger Drury and wife.
Strensham, Worcs., 1405, Sir John Russell.
Cobham, Kent, 1407, Sir Nich. Hawberk, under canopy.
Baginton, Warw., 1407, Sir Wm. Bagot and wife.
Addington, Kent, 1409, Wm. Snayth, Esq., and wife, under double

canopy.
Buigate, Suffolk, 1409, Sir Wm. de Burgate and wife.
Little Casterton, Rutland, c, 1 410, Sir Thos. Burton and wife.
Little Horkesley, Essex, 141 2, Sir Robt Swynbome, under triple

canopy.

At Laughton and Blickling the jupon, instead of being
escalloped or plain at the lower edge, is finished with a pattern
of leaves. In two other instances, at Playford and at Baginton,
it is charged with heraldry, in the first, with a lion rampant^
and in the second with a chevron between 3 martlets^ a
crescent for difference. This is the Bagot whose name appears
as one of the "creatures" of the king in Shakespeare's
Ricliard II. He entertained Bolingbroke at his castle of
Baginton on the night before the intended combat with
Norfolk at Coventry, and when, after his banishment, Henry
seized the throne, Bagot's lands, at first forfeited, were speedily
restored, and he was one of the first who received from that
prince the Collar of SS.

This famous Collar of SS., the most celebrated knightly
decoration, next to the Garter itself, is not only worn by the
Bagots, both husband and wife, but by many others through-
out the period, and is at this time a distinctive badge of

THE LANCASTRIAN PERIOD 149

adherence to the House of Lancaster. It appears at Gunby,
Little Castertoh, and Little Horkesley, amongst the brasses
just enumerated. The letter S was repeated in links of latten
or silver or gold upon a fillet of blue, and fastened with a
pendant or clasp, which varies in many instances, but is most
often an ornamented trefoil attached to the collar by buckles.
Its true origin is uncertain, although Boutell confidently asserts
that it was introduced by Henry IV., and that the letter is
the initial of the word " Souveraine," his motto when Earl of
Derby, which, as he afterwards became sovereign, appeared
auspicious. Unfortunately for this theory, the collar has been
noticed as early as 1371, in the reign of Edward III. It is
also found in an early manuscript at the British Museum
around the arms of John of Gaunt, who was Steward of
England, as well as Duke of Lancaster. The S may there
stand for Seneschallus. At any rate, the collar was adopted
by Henry IV., and granted by him to many of his adherents,
and especially to such as were personally attached to the
court.

The ladies in this section, like their husbands, wear much
the same costume as before, the kirtle and mantle retaining
the same form, and a hip-belt being often used in imitation
apparently of the masculine bawdric. The sideless cote-hardi
also maintains its position, and is well exemplified in the dress
of Lady Bagot, whose mantle is lined with fur, as, later, in the
figure of Lady Camoys. The headdresses vary, a common
form being the jewelled net and side-pads for the hair, and
a kerchief falling to the neck. Lady Bagot's hair is simply
plaited, but this is unusual. In the other extreme, Lady
Burton is adorned with jewelled bandeau and coronet.

Parallel with such brasses are those which exhibit a transi-
tion stage to the era of complete plate armour. At first the
jupon is laid aside, and the warrior appears in a plain steel
cuirass, usually ridged, with a skirt of five or six hoops, which
are known as taces. These cover the mail shirt, which

I50 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

dwindles away to a fringe of steel rings, and finally disappears
altogether. The camail is covered by a gorget of plate, but
at first shows also as a fringe, until it is abandoned and the
gorget is riveted to the cuirass. The bascinet becomes less
pointed, and at last almost globular.

Good transition examples appear at —

Lingfield, Surrey, 1403, Sir R^inald de Cobham.

Dartmouth, Devon, 1408, John Hauley and two wives, under triple

canopy.
Otterden, Kent, 1408^ Thos. Seintlegier, Esq.
Great Tew, Oxon., 14 10, John Wylcotes and wife, under canopy.
Little Horkesley, Essex, 14 12, Sir Thos. Swynborne, under triple

canopy.

The Little Horkesley brass is remarkable. The father,
Sir Robert, and the son. Sir Thomas, lie side by side, each
under a splendid triple canopy, joined at its central shaft.
The father, who died in 1391, is fully represented in the
armour of his time, camail, jupon, etc. The son is in plate,
with fringes of mail at the gorget and the lowermost tace, and
a Collar of SS. clasped about his neck.

With the renewal of the French wars, plate became the
only armour, though the tace-fringe is seen in a few early
instances. Otherwise mail entirely disappears, except some-
times at the joint of the elbow, which is further protected by
a fan-shaped coudi^re or a roundel, and roundels or oblong
palettes are placed before the armpits.

A remarkably perfect example is figured from Thruxton,
Hants., dated 1407, but almost certainly engraved later.

Other examples are numerous, and it is impossible to give
more than a selection.

Routh, Yorks., c. 141 o, Sir John Routh and wife, in Collars of SS.

Wixford, Warw., 141 1, Thos. de Cruwe and wife.

Wantage, Berks., 141 4, Sir Ivo Fitzwaryn.

Great Fransham, Norfolk, 141 4, Geoff. Fransham, Esq., under canopy.

152 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Digswell, Herts., 1415, John Peryent, Esq., and wife, in Collars of SS.
Kidderminster, Worcs., 141 5, Sir John Phelip, Walter Cookesey,

Esq., and wife, in Collars of SS., under triple canopy.
Erpingham, Norfolk, c, 14 15, Sir John de Erpingham.
Barsham, Suffolk, c, 1415, Sir Robt. Suckling, in Collar of SS.
Northleigh, Oxon., 141 5, man in armour.
Hinxton, Cambs., 1416, Sir Thos. de Skelton and two wives.
Felbrigg, Norfolk, 1416, Sir Symon Felbrygge, K.G., and wife,

under double canopy.
Blakesley, Northants., 1416, Matth. Swetenham, Esq., in Collar of SS.
Bocking, Essex, 1420, John Doreward, Esq., and wife.
Bumham Thorpe, Norfolk, 1420, Sir Wm. Calthorpe, in Collar of SS.,

under canopy and super-canopy.
Bobbing, Kent^ c. 1420, Sir Arnold Savage and wife.
Heme, Rent, c, 1420, Peter Halle, Esq., and wife.
Thruxton, Hants., c, 1425^ Sir John Lysle, imder triple canopy.
Aylesford, Kent, 1426, John Cosyngton, Esq., and wife. .
Battle, Sussex, 1426, John Lowe.
Wistoh, Sussex, 1426, Sir John de Brewys.
Wellesboume, Warw., 1426, Sir Thos. le Straunge, in Collar of SS.
Yosnord, Suffolk, 1428, John Norwiche, Esq., and wife.
Wimington, Beds., 1430, Sir Thos. Brounflet
South Petherton, Somerset, c, 1430, a Dawbeney and wife.
Great Harrowden, Northants., 1433, Wm. Harwedon, Esq., and wife.
Braboum^ Kent, 1434, Wm. Scot, Esq.
Bromham, Beds., c, 1435, Thos. Wideville, Esq., and two wives,

under triple canopy.
Ewelme, Oxon., 1436, Thos. Chaucer, Esq., and wife.
Westminster Abbey, 1437, Sir John Harpedon.

Many of these brasses are fine ones, and present minor
peculiarities. Thus at Routh, in the East Riding, Sir John
carries both sword and misericorde, and his brass is one of
the veiy few on which the mode of fastening the latter is
clearly shown ; it is attached by a short cord passing through
a loop fastened to the lowest tace. In this and in a few other
brasses two small additional plates are suspended in front.

At Kidderminster the dexter husband wears a slightly

THE LANCASTRIAN PERIOD 153

transverse but wide swordbelt, to which are attached a number
of little bells, and on the belt are inscribed the initials I. P.
for John Phelip, four times repeated in small square compart-
ments. It also presents an illustration of the change from the
bawdric worn low upon the hips to the later transverse narrower
belt, which is used by the second husband.

The Wixford and Wiston brasses are remarkable for the
additional ornaments inserted in the vacant spaces upon their
grave slabs. In the case of Thos. de Cruwe, the slab is
powdered with repetitions of his badge, a foot, which naturally
has a somewhat awkward and curious appearance. With Sir
John de Brewys there are thirty-one small scrolls, inscribed
with the words "Jesus Mercy," a much more pleasing
adornment.

Sir Symon de Felbrygge, who was Standard-bearer to
Richard II. as well as a Knight of the Garter, is represented
with the ro3^1 standard in his right hand, charged with the
reputed arms of Edward the Confessor impaling France and
England quarterly. These arms, Azure^ a cross patonce between
5 martlets or^ were assumed by Richard II. in the latter
part of his reign, apparently because the Confessor was one of
his patron saints, and were granted by him to a few of his
favourites or relations. In a shield above the double canopy,
on the knight's side, the same arms are repeated, as they are
on the opposite side also, but impaling quarterly the arms
of the empire, a spread eagle with 2 heads crowned^ and the
kingdom of Bohemia, a lion rampant queue fourchie (cf. p. 61),
being the arms of Anne, Richard's queen. Sir Symon was a
very distinguished knight In the first year of Henry V. he
received the robes of the Order of the Garter, and in the
register of the Order is styled " ordinis maxime senex." He
furnished twelve men-at-arms and thirty-six foot archers, and
possibly served, in the expedition of 141 5 and at Agincourt.
He died in 1443, but probably prepared his brass in 1416, his
first wife Margaret, a grand-niece of Wenceslas V., King of

154 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Bohemia, and a maid of honour to her kinswoman, Queen
Anne, being already dead in 141 3. He wears the Garter
round his left leg, and the palettes at his armpits are chained
with a plain cross of St Geoi^e.

Only four other brasses remain of knights belonging to
this illustrious Order, of whom Sir Peter Courtenay, 1409,
much defaced, at Exeter Cathedral, and Lord Camoys, 1419,
at Trotton (cf. illustration, p. 145), have been already mentioned.
They wear the Garter simply. In the next period come
Ralph, Lord Treasurer Cromwell, at Tattershall, Lincolnshire,
1455, and Henry Bourchier, first Earl of Essex, also Lord
Treasurer of England, 1483, at Little Easton, Essex, both
wearing the mantle as well as the Garter ; and later still. Sir
Thomas BuUen, 1538, at Hever, Kent, attired in the full
insignia. He is figured without his inscription, which is a
small plate reversed, and set a few inches apart from the rest
of the brass. He was " Knight of the Order of the Garter,
Erie of Wilscher, and Erie of Ormunde." There is also at
Holy Trinity Church, Chester, a palimpsest inscription to
Henry Gee, 1545, which has been cut out of a lai^e brass,
c. 1520-1530, of yet another knight of the Order. The frag-
ment shows only the left leg from the top of the knee to the
instep, but this is sufficient to exhibit the Garter, which is
uninscribed, and some folds of the mantle, together with part
of a long tasselled cord with which the garment was fastened.

Certain further changes in plate armour are found as the
Lancastrian period draws to its close, and as the long con-
tinuance of the French wars may have suggested them. They
may be gathered into two subsections, but it will be under-
stood that all these variations overlap one another, and that
one or another piece of armour may be added or omitted in
particular instances. In the first place, additional plates o
steel are fixed to the cuirass, called placates and demi-
placates. The placates are of irregular size and shape, and
protect the armpits and part of the shoulders, displacing the

SIR TKOUAS BULLEN, ICG., 1538
HEVBR, KBNT

156 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

older palettes and roundels. Demi-placates give greater
strength to the lower portion of the cuirass, and are fixed with
their edges upwards. The left side and bridle arm also begin
to be more fully protected than the other, which was required
to be free in action. The small plates of the ^pauli^res, called
splints, now sometimes almost meet across the chest The
gauntlets have longer and more pointed cuffs, and are not
always divided into fingers. Another more marked charac-
teristic appears in the use of tuilles, or pointed plates, generally
two in number, which were strapped or hinged to the lowest tace.
Examples of some or all of these changes occur at —

Hampton Poyle, Oxen., 1424, John Poyle, Esq., and wife.

Sawbridgeworth, Herts., 1433, Sir John Leventhorp and wife.

Hereford Cathedral, 1435, Sir Rich. Delamere and wife, under canopy^

Cirencester, Glos., 1438, Rich. Dixton, Esq.

Albury, Surrey, 1440, John Weston, Esq.

Arkesden, Essex, c, 1440, man in arm.

Ilminster, Somerset, c, 1440, Sir Wm. Wadham and wife, under

doubly-triple canopy and super-canopy.
Lanteglos-by-Fowey, Cornwall, c, 1440, Sir Thos. de Mohun.
Chalgrove, Oxon., 1441, Reg. Barantyn, Esq.
Harpham, Yorks., 1445, Thos. de St Quintin, Esq.
Newland, Glos., c, 1445, Sir Christopher Baynham and wife.

The Newland knight is provided with a very curious crest,
consisting of a miner with a candle in his mouth, a bag at his
back, and a pickaxe in his hand. Unfortunately this brass is
a good deal mutilated.

In the last subsection the helmet is discarded, though
usually not the gauntlets, and the head appears with close-
cropped hair. Pauldrons are worn upon the shoulders, but
they are quite plain, and of equal size, as are also the
coudi^res. The skirt of taces is without tuilles, but is
abnormally long, consisting of ten or eight hoops, which them-
selves are frequently divided into a great number of small
oblong plates.

THE LANCASTRIAN PERIOD 157

Examples, in one respect or another, are found at —

Etchingham, Sussex, 1444, Sir Wm. Etchingham, wife and son, under

triple canopy.
South Mimms, Middlesex, 1448, Thos. Frowyk, Esq., and wife.
Crowhurst, Surrey, 1450, John Gaynesford, Esq.
Hayes, Middlesex, c, 1450, Walter Grene, Esq.
Isleworth, Middlesex, c, 1450, man in arm.
Marston Morteyne, Beds., 145 1, Thos. Reynes, Esq., and wife.

The ladies do not present such a variety of costume as
appear in the armour of their husbands. In a few of the
finest brasses, early in the period, the mantle is omitted, and
they wear a high-wasted gown with a figured band, very long
surplices-like sleeves, which almost sweep the ground, and turn-
down collars ; the hair is gathered into nets, with a kerchief
disposed upon the top. All this maybe seen at Routh,r. 1410,
Kidderminster, 141 5, Digswell, 141 5, East Markham, Notting-
hamshire, 1419, Horley, Surrey,^. 1420, and a few other places.
Lady Routh, like her husband, wears a Collar of SS., but it is
all covered by the broad fur collar of her gown, except the
clasp and pendant Lady Peryent at Digswell also has the
Collar of SS., but higher up upon the neck and exposed to view.
Her dress collars are double, and on the left side of the lower
a small badge is embroidered, representing a swan. There is
a hedgehog at her feet Her hair-net is very curious, and
drawn into the form of an inverted triangle, rising to some
height above the head, with her kerchief upon it. Nearly the
same form is found, though with a bandeau and more elaborate
netting, in the headdress of Lady Fhelip at Kidderminster,
the long sleeve of whose dress and the lower collar are lined
or faced with fur.

The usual dress of the ladies from about 1420 to the end
of the period consists of the plain kirtle and mantle, occasion-
ally the sideless cote-hardi, as at Trotton, and an arrange-
ment of the hair known as the homed or mitred headdress.
The side-nets, often elaborately plaited and jewelled, are

158 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

raised above the head in the form indicated, and a kerchief
falls upon the forehead, and to the neck and shoulders behind.
Most of the ladies already enumerated with their husbands
are thus attired. Good examples of ladies alone are found
at Broughton, Oxoa, 1414 ; Hever, Kent, 1419 ; East Anthony,
Cornwall, 1420 ; Lingfield, Surrey, 1420 ; Cobham, Kent, 1433,
and elsewhere, the majority being small, and not of first-rate
interest.

Civilian brasses are found in increasing numbers throughout
the period, and are often of considerable importance. The
memorial of Richard Martyn and his wife at Dartford, Kent,
1402, may be taken as a typical and fine example of those of
the reign of Henry IV. He wears a gown reaching to his
ankles, with a small opening towards the bottom, and loose
sleeves gathered in at the wrists and showing the tight sleeves
of an under-tunia A long mantle is partly looped over his
left arm, and buttoned on the right shoulder, and a hood is
placed loosely round the neck. His wife has no mantle, but
a gown with wide sleeves, waistband, and a collar turned up
round the neck, while a veil covers her head and falls on
either side upon the breast. The fine canopy and the marginal
inscription are unusual features in civilian brasses.

Later in the century the mantle may generally be taken
to indicate some office of distinction which was held by the
wearer. Thus, at St. Giles', Norwich, a mantle similarly
buttoned on the right shoulder, and a hood, are worn by
Richard Baxter, 1432, who was mayor of the city and a
burgess in Parliament. Where civilians do not wear the
mantle, a belt is seen at the waist, from which an anelace
frequently hangs. Except that the mantle and hood are
seldom seen, and that the gown is worn shorter, reaching
only to a little below the knees, a like costume continues to
be worn with scarcely any change. The hair is usually
cropped close, and there is no beard. By way of exception,
Nicholas Canteys, 1431, at St. John's, Margate, has a long

i6o THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

full beard, though he is otherwise close-cropped. His brass is
of further interest also because it shows his shoes to be laced
up at the sides, from the instep to the ankle, and embroidered
with stars. Shoes at this period are invariably low and
pointed, without heels, and, indeed, have the appearance of
slippers of cloth or soft leather.

Although knights and squires almost always wear armour,
there are a few instances in which they appear in civil dress.
One of the best is in the brass of Sir Thomas and Lady
Brook, 1437, at Thomcombe, Devon. Sir Thomas has the
usual belted gown, though it is apparently lined and edged
with fur, and a Collar of SS. about his neck. His lady wears
kirtle and mantle, homed headdress, and the same collar.
A dog lies at the knight's feet, and it is a remarkable fact that
its collar is buckled and clasped in exactly the same way,
though there are no SS. These dogs at the feet are occasion-
ally intended to represent actual favourites. Thus, at Deer-
hurst, in Gloucestershire, 1400 (illustrated on p. 174), Lady
Cassy has a dog, in a collar of bells, with its name ** Terri "
attached ; and there was once a " Jakke " with Sir Bryan de
Stapleton, at Ingham, Norfolk, 1438, figured by Cotman, but
unhappily destroyed in the year 1800. At that date the
chancel " was completely swept of all its beautiful memorials
of the Stapleton family. They were sold as old metal, and
it was commonly reported by whom they were sold and
bought ; but nobody sought to recover them : neither minister
nor churchwarden cared for any of these things." Jakke had
a sharp nose, a Pomeranian ruff, and a smooth body, and was
evidently a portrait. He was made to bear company with a
very ordinary and conventional lion.

The general interest, however, in civilian brasses lies largely
in the witness which is borne by them to the continued rise of
the middle classes in wealth and prosperity, in spite of the
drain upon the resources of the country, which must have been^
caused by the French wars. In describing the great foreign

THE LANCASTRIAN PERIOD i6i

mercantile brasses at King's Lynn and Newark, mention has
been made of the connection between the east coast, the
Hanseatic League, and the Baltic trade, and also between
London, Kent, and the merchants of Bruges and the lower
Rhine. In the fifteenth century the chief interest changes
to the woolmen, who then became the most important and
wealthiest of the English traders. To these men there are
many important brasses, which will be separately dealt with
in an appendix to the present chapter. Other trades are not
without their representative brasses. At Cirencester, Glouces-
tershire, are fine but much mutilated figures of a vintner, or
wine merchant, and his wife, c, 1400, with wine-casks beneath
their feet In like manner Simon Seman, vintner and alder-
man of London, 1433, ^^ ^^^ ^^^ brass at Barton-upon-Humber,
stands upon two wine-casks. John Asger, Mayor of Norwich,
at St Laurence, Norwich, 1436, was a merchant of Bruges ;
Richard Bailly, Woodstock, Oxon., 1441, was a citizen and
haberdasher of London ; John Stokes, at Chipping Norton,
in the same county, c. 1450, a mercer. At Fletching, Sussex,
c, 1450, a pair of gloves and an inscription are the simple
memorial of Peter Denot, glover.

Other civilian brasses of more or less interest are found
in nearly every county of England, and a few of them are
enumerated below —

Eaton Socon, Beds., c, 1400, John Covesgmve and wife.

Tilbrook, Beds., c. 1400, civilian and wife.

Ore, Sussex, c. 1400, civilian and wife.

Holme-next-the-Sea, Norfolk, c. 1405, Henry Notingham and wife.

Owston, Yorks., 1409, Robt de Haitfield and wife.

Cople, Beds., c. 1410, Nichol Rolond and wife.

Chinnor, Oxon., c. 1410, Nich. Atte Heel.

Tattershall, Lines., 141 1, Hugo de Gondeby.

Sudborough, Northants., 141 5, Wm. West and wife,

Pakefield, Suffolk, 1417, John Bowf and wife.

Lutterworth, Leics., 141 8, John Fildyng and wife.

M

i62 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Crowan, Cornwall, c. 1420, Geoff. St. Aubyn.

Lydd, Kent, 1429, John Thomas.

Arreton, Isle of Wight, c, 1430, Hany Hawles.

Beddington, Surrey, 1432, Nich. Carrew and wife.

Kelshall, Herts., 1435, ^ch- Adane and wife.

Erith, Kent, 1435, John Ailemer and wife.

Kingston-on-Thames, Surrey, 1437, Robt. Skem and wife.

Amersham, Bucks., 1439, Thos. Carbonell and wife.

St. Bartholomew-the-Less, London, 1439, ^^' Markeby and wife.

Swainswick, Somerset, 1439, £dm. Forde and wife.

Sail, Norfolk, 1440, Geoff. Boleyn and wife.

St. John's, Margate, Kent^ 1441^ John Parker and wife.

Chalfont St Peter, Bucks., 1446, Wm. Whapplelode and wife.

Cheshunt, Herts., 1449, Wm. Pyke and wife.

Pulborough, Sussex, 1452, Edm. Mille and wife.

Trade heraldry, in the shape of coats-of-arms granted to
the merchant adventurers, the mercers, and other companies
does not yet appear upon brasses. Nevertheless, particular
traders are distinguished by the bearing of ''merchants'
marks," which are found engraved upon shields, or introduced
into canopies and other parts of the compositioa Such
devices doubtless originated with the necessity for distinguish-
ing one merchant's goods from another's, but they quickly
rose into ever greater prestige, till we find the merchant
hardly less proud of his mark than was the knight of his
armorial bearings. This tendency was fostered by the un-
doubted fact that these devices, like heraldic arms, were
hereditary, and remained long in the same family. The
earliest specimens are simple in form, and, as some suppose,
quasi-religious, several being like the cross and pennon borne
by the Agnus Dei. Many, again, are thought to present a
rough likeness to a ship's mast with yardarms and pennons,
a device not inappropriate to merchants engaged in over-sea
trade. Examples of this period occur at Chipping Campden,
Gloucestershire, 1401 ; Barstaple Almshouse Chapel, Bristol,
141 1 ; St. Laurence, Norwich, 1425 and 1436; Cirencester,

THE LANCASTRIAN PERIOD 163

Gloucestershire, 1440 and 1442 ; Dunstable, Bedfordshire,
1450 ; and Holy Trinity, Hull, 145 1.

They afterwards become much more common, and are
often combined with initials or monograms. A good specimen
may be seen repeated six times in the marginal inscription
of the Northleach brass illustrated on p. 169, with the initials
"i f," for John Fortey. For a later and very excellent
example, see the Flemish brass of Thos. Pownder, of Ipswich,
p. 96, with the mark upon a shield between the heads of the
principal figures.

The prevalent language of the inscriptions at this time
was Latin, though French was still occasionally used at the
beginning of the century. An interesting example remains
in the border fillet of the brass of Sir Wm. Fienlez, at Hurst-
monceux, Sussex, which includes a grant of indulgence to
those who shall say a paternoster and an ave for the knight's
soul —

^ WiUiam ffienlez Chiualer qy morust le xviii jour de Janeuer

Ian del Incamion ure Jheu Cryst Milt cccc 2 gist ycy

qy pur sa alme deuostement pater noster & ave priera vi"
jours de pardon enauera."

A shorter form — there could hardly be less — is given under
the figure of a man in plate armour at Cople, Bedfordshire,
c. 1415—

" Walter Rolond gist icy dieu de sa alme eit mercy Amen.''

Other instances occur at Hemel Hempstead, Herts., c,
1400 ; Shottesbrooke, Berks., 1401 ; Cobham, Kent, 1402 ;
Owston, Yorks., 1409; and Stokenchurch, Oxon., 14 10 and
1412. Still later are brasses at Warkworth, Northants., to
several members of the Chetwode family, in two of which,
to John Chetwode, 1420, and to Amabilla, wife of Sir John
Chetwode and afterwards of Sir Thomas Straunge, the French
is mixed with Latin. In the first of these there are two lines

i64 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

of French and one of Latin, the Latin very much abbreviated,
thus —

*' Ici gist John Chetewode le filz de s John Chetewode Ch'r
qui morist le x iour | de Junn Tan de grace MCCCC XX
de quy alme tout puissant dieu eit m'ci Amen. |
Sic na' du' vixit d'no p'db b'n' dixit p'r de celis deus misere
nobis."

A still later French inscription at All Saints, Hertford,
1435, records the death of " Maistre Jehn Hunger," chief cook
to Queen Catherine the wife of Henry V.

The Latin inscriptions usually begin with '* Orate pro
anima," or " Hie jacet," and end with "cujus animae propicietur
deus," which is variously contracted and hardly ever given in
full. Not much information is usually given beyond the name,
rank, and date of death, though there are a good many
instances to the contrary. One interesting rhymed inscription
at Kidderminster, 141 5, is here given as a case in point It
is written in four lines only, at the foot of the figures of Lady
Phelip and her two husbands, a brass already described (cf.

p. 152)—

*' Miles honorificus :
John Phelip subiacet intus :
Henricus quintus :
dilexerat hunc Ut amicus ^
Consepelitur ei :
sua sponsa Matildis amata :
Waltero Cookesey :
prius Armigero sociata ^
Audax & fortis :

apud Harffleu John bene gessit :
£t Baro Vim Mortis :
paciens Migrare recessit ^
M.C. quater X. V :
Octobris luce secunda ***
Sit finis alme Jesu :
tibi spiritus hosUa Munda ^ "

THE LANCASTRIAN PERIOD 165

But it is the English inscriptions which are, perhaps, the
most interesting, for the few that occur are the earliest in our
own language, except the two instances quoted on p. 39.

Seeing that the age of Chaucer and of WyclifTe was already
past, and that of Caxton close at hand) it is surprising that
they should be as crude and as rare as they are. A very few
examples must suffice.

The first is from Holme-next-the-Sea, near Hunstanton,
Norfolk, c. 1405, upon the brass of Henry Notingham and
his wife, who are stated to have built the chancel and tower
of the church, and to have given to it a peal of bells and two
sets of vestments. Doubtless the brass once occupied a
founder's tomb in the aforesaid chancel, but this has long since
been destroyed, and the brass, for many years nailed to a
board, is now set in the wall of the nave. There are two small
figures, each about 18 inches high, the husband in a long
civilian's gown with belt and anelace, and an elaborately
clapped collar about his neck, and the wife in a close gown
fastened by a wide belt, and buttoned from throat to waist.
The inscription is in six lines : —

*' Herry Notingham & hys wyffe lyne here
yat maden this chiiche stepall & quere
two vestments & belles they made also
crist hem saue therfore ffro wo
ande to bringe her saules to blis at heuen
sayth pater & aue with mylde steuen."

A brass at Higham Ferrers, Northants., 1425, to Wm.
Chichele and his wife Beatrice, is a particularly fine one.
Chichele, alderman and sheriff of London, was a brother of
Henry, Archbishop of Canterbury, and was a munificent
patron of the church and appendent college and almshouses.
Between the pediments of the double canopy are two roundels
bearing the words '' ihu " and " mcy," and there is an elaborate
marginal English inscription in twelve verses. Farts of these
are lost, but are here supplied from Hudson's Brasses of
Northamptonshire —

i66 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

" Sach as ye be such wer we
Such as we bee such shall ye be
Lemeth to deye that is the lawe
That this lif now to wol drawe
Sorwe or gladnesse nought letten age
But on he cometh to lord and page
Wherefor for us that ben goo
Preyeth as other shall for yoa doo
That God of his benignyte
On us haTe mercy and pite
And nought remember our wykkednesse
Sith he us bought of hys goodnesse. Ame.'*

John Todenham, c, 1430, St John Maddermarket, Norwich,
with a small civilian figure about 17 inches in height, has a
two-line inscription, "God haue mcy on the soule of John
Todenham | and Johne his wyflf for here lyeth he buryed."
From his hands a large scroll rises and curves over his head,
" God yat sittyth in Trinite : on ye soule of John Todenham
haue mcy & pite." This is a very early instance of an English
invocation.

Other English inscriptions are found at Frettenham,
Norfolk, c. 1420 ; Arreton, Isle of Wight, c, 1430 ; Kelshall,
Herts., 1435 ; Burford, Oxon,, 1437 ; Morley, Derbyshire, c,
1450 ; Buxted, Sussex, c. 1450 ; but there are few others until
the end of the century.

APPENDIX (i)

The Wool-staplers

Two districts in England were early distinguished for their importance
in the wool trade, and their connection with the staple, or market, of
Calais, the most influential trade guild of the fifteenth century. These
districts were in Gloucestershire and Lincolnshire, and they still con-
tain a series of brasses in memory of members of the guild of
sufficient importance to deserve separate treatment. The staple had

THE WOOL-STAPLERS

167

been incorporated by Edward III. after the capture of Calais, and
was closely regulated by statute. Attempting to carry the merchandise
e staple to other than the appointed ports was strictly forbidden,

"**~ ~ - :hants to
aws, was
d had its

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I

■^■5!'™»S"*«l

J

rthleachy
\ Norton,
n. The
. wlgarkirk,
d district
;s at St.
ton, and
piers are
i Ealing,
merchant
5n. The
ly so as

anopy.
er double

e canopy,
anopy.

Qopy.
ind, under

i66 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

•* Such as ye be such wer we
Such as we bee such shall ye be
Lemeth to deye that is the lawe
That this lif now to wol drawe
Sorwe or gladnesse nought letten age
But on he cometh to lord and p^e
Wherefor for us that ben goo

John To
with a smal
two-h*ne ins*
Todenham |
From his ha
" God yat si
haue mcy &
invocation.

Other I
Norfolk, c. 1
Herts., 1435
1450; Buxt<
the end of tl

Two districts
in the wool ti
Calais, the m<
districts were
tain a series
sufficient imp

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Illustrations and a Maps.

Shakespeare's Country. By Bertram C. A.

WiNDLE, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.SJ^. With as Illustrations
by Edmund H. New and from PhotOffraMuB, a Map and
a Plan. Third Edition.

THE WOOL-STAPLERS

167

been incorporated by Edward III. after the capture of Calais, and
was closely regulated by statute. Attempting to carry the merchandise
of the staple to other than the appointed ports was strictly forbidden,
and it was even made felony for any but the authorized merchants to
deal in the staple goods. The corporation had its own laws, was
exempt from the jurisdiction of the ordinary magistrates, and had its

'mayor.

t Northleach,

)ping Norton,

Oxon. The

ie, Algarkirk,

third district

rasses at St

nington, and

M-staplers are

and Ealingi

t a merchant

ondon. The

aearly so as

BsckiiighaiDshire. By E. & Roscoe. With 28

Illastratioos by F. D. Bedfoid and from Photograplu, a
Plans and a Maps.

Cheshire. By Waltbk M. Gallichan. With 48

lUnstrations by Elizabeth Hartlay and from Photographs,
a Plan and a Maps.

Cornwall. By Arthur L. Salmon. With 26

Illustrations by B. C. Bonlter and from Photographs, and
9 Mapa.

Derbyshire. By J. Charles Cox, LL.D., F.S.A.

Wuh 3a lUnstrations by J. Charles Wall and from Photo>
graphs, and a Maps.

Devon. By S. Baring-Gould. With 33 Illus-
trations and a Maps.

Dorset By Frank R. Hrath. With 33 Illos-

trationa, 3 Maps and a Plan. Second Ediihm,

Eases. By J. Charles Cox, LL.D., F.S.A.

With 3a Illustrations and a Maps.

Hoaipshire. By J. Charles Cox, LL.D., F.S.A.

With a8 lUnstrations by M. E. Parser and from Photo-
graphs, a Maps and a Plans. .

Hertfordshire. By Herbert W. Tompkins,

F.R.Hist.S. With a6 Illustrations by Edmund H. New
and fi«a Photographs, and a Maps.

The Isle of VTvghi. By George Clinch. With

89 Illustrations by F. D. Bedford and from Photographs,
a Plana and a Mapa.

Kent Bv George Clinch. With 24 lUastrations

by F. D. Bedford and from Photographs, a Plans and a
Maps.

Kerry. By C P. Crane, D.S.O. With 36 lUos.

trations and a Maps.

BSiddleaez. By John B. Firth. With 33 Illiis-

trations from Photographs and Old Prints, a Plan and 3

Monmouthshire. By G. W. Wade, D.D., and

J. H. Wadb, M.A. With 3a lUnstrations, 4 Plans and
4 Maps.

Norfolk. By William A. Dutt. With 30 lUns-
trations by B. C Bonlter and from Photographs, and 3
Maps.

Northamptonshire. By Wakeling Dry. With

40 lUnstrations and 9 Maps.

Oxfordshire. By F. G. Brabant, M.A. With 28

lUnstrations by Edmnnd H. New and from Photographs,
a Plan and 3 Mapa.

3le canopy,
under double

)uble canopy.
3r canopy.

t canopy,
jsband, under

i66 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

" Such as ye be such wer we
Such as we bee such shall ye be
Lemeth to deye that is the lawe
That this lif now to wol drawe
Sorwe or gladnesse nought letten age
But on he cometh to lord and page
Wherefor for us that ben goo
Preyeth as other shall for you doo
That Hod of his benicnv te

Jo

with \

two-li:
Todei
From
"God
haue ]
invocc
Ot
Norfo
Herts.
1450;
the en

Somerset By G. W. Wadr, D.D., and J. H.
Wadb, M.A. With js lUustntioDs and 9 Mftjn.

Suffolk. By William A. Dutt. With 28 Illus-
trations hj J. Wylie and from Photographs, and 9 Mapa.

Surrey. By F. A. H. Lambbrt. With 30 Illus-
trations by Edmund H. New and from Photographs, and a
Mapa.

Sussex. By F. G. Brabant, M.A. With 24

IllustratioDs by Edmund H. New and from Photographs,
a Maps and 6 Flans. StC9nd Editum,

The East Ridiaur of Yorkshire. By Joseph E.

MoKSis, BA With 97 Illustrations by R. J. S. Bertraxa
and from Photographs, a Plans and 9 Maps.

The North Ridinff of Yorkshire. By Joseph £.

IIOKUS, B. A. With 96 niustradons by R. jf. S.
and from Photographsi 7 Plans and 3 Maps.

Brittany. Bv S. BARINC-GotTLD. With 28 Illus-
trations by J. Wylie and from Photographs, and 3 Maps.

Normandy. By Cyril Scudamore, M.A. \fiih

40 Illustrations and a Map.
Rome. By C. G. Ellaby. With 38 Illustrations

by B. C Boulter and from Photographs, and a Map,

Sidhr. By F. Hamilton Jackson. With 34

lututradoQS by the Author and from Photographs, and 9
Maps.

Twod
in the
Calais,
districi
tain a
sufficic

TlufilUnoing art in pnparatwn .*—
Befkshire. By F. G. Brabant.
Gloacestershire. By C. G. Ellaby.
London. By George Clinch.
Nortfanmberland. By J. E Morris.
Shropshire. ByT. Nicklin.
Wiltshtre. By F. R. Heath.
The West Ridins: of Yorkshire. By J. E Morris.

MKTHUBN & CO.. 36 ESSEX STRKST, LONDON, W.a

THE WOOL-STAPLERS 167

been incorporated by Edward III. after the capture of Calais, and
was closely regulated by statute. Attempting to carry the merchandise
of the staple to other than the appointed ports was strictly forbidden,
and it was even made felony for any but the authorized merchants to
deal in the staple goods. The corporation had its own laws, was
exempt from the jurisdiction of the ordinary magistrates, and had its
own officers, the chief of the latter taking the title of mayor.

Brasses to the Gloucestershire woolmen are found at Northleach,
Chipping Campden, Cirencester, and Lechlade, with Chipping Norton,
Witney, and Thame in the neighbouring county of Oxon. The
Lincolnshire brasses centre rotmd Stamford, with Lynwode, Algarkirk,
and Winthorpe, together with Mattishall in Norfolk. A third district
is found in Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire, with brasses at St
Albans, Standon, Hitchin, Dunstable, AmpthiU, Wimington, and
also Chicheley in Bucks. London brasses to the wool-staplers are
found at All Hallows Barking ; St Andrew Undershaft ; and Ealingi
with Easton Neston in Northamptonshire, the last to a merchant
who had married the daughter of a lord mayor of London. The
following list is not perhaps complete, but is as nearly so as
possible : —

Wimington, Beds., 1391, John Curteys and wife, under double canopy.

Northleach, Glos., c. 1400, a woolman and wife.

Chipping Campden, Glos., 1401, Wm. Grevel and wife, under double

canopy.
St. Albans Abbey, 141 1, Thos. Fayreman and wife.
Lynwode, Lines., 1419, John Lyndewode and wife, under double canopy.
Lynwode, Lines., 142 1, John Lyndewode the Younger, under canopy.
All Hallows Barking, London, 1437, John Bacon and wife.
Cirencester, Glos., 1440, Robt. Page and wife, under double canopy.
Northleach, Glos., 1447, Thos. Fortey, wife and second husband, under

triple canopy.
AmpthiU, Beds., 1450, John Hicchecok.
Dunstable, Beds., 1450, Laurence Pygott and wife.
Lechlade, Glos., c, 14S0, a woolman and wife.
Chipping Norton, Oxon., 1451, John Yonge and wife.
Hitchin, Herts., 1452, a merchant of the staple and wife.
Northleach, Glos., 1458, John Fortey, under canopy.
All Saints, Stamford, Lines., c. 1460, John Browne and wife.
Standon, Herts., 1477, John Feld.
Northleach, Glos., c, 1485, a woolman and wife.

i68 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

All Saints, Stamford, 1489, Wm. Browne and wife, under canopy.

All Hallows Barking, 1489, Thos. Gilbert and wife.

Northleach, Glos., c. 1490, John Taylour and wife.

Ealing, Middlesex, c. 1490, Rich. Amondesham and wife.

Algarkirlc, Lines., 1498, Nich. Robertson and two wives.

Witney, Oxon., 1500, Rich. Wenman and two wives.

Thame, Oxon., 1 502, Geoflf. Dormer and two wives.

Winthorpe, Lines., 1S05, Rich. Barowe and wife.

Mattishall, Norfolk, 1507, Robt Foster and wife.

All Hallows Barking, 15 18, Christopher Rawson and two wives.

St Albans Abbey, Herts., 15 19, Rauf Rowlatt.

Northleach, Glos., 1526, Thos.Bushe and wife, under double canopy.

St Andrew Undershaft, London, 1539, Nich. Leveson and wife.

Easton Neston, Northants., 1552, Rich. Fermer, Esq., and wife.

Chicheley, Bucks., 1558, Anth. Cave, Esq., and wife.

Of these the Gloucestershire brasses easily take first rank. That
to William Grevd and Marion his wife in Chipping Campden Church
has been rightly described by Boutell as a " truly noble brass, a fitting
memorial for the munificent rebuilder of the church within the walls
of which he now lies buried." The figures are surmounted by a fine
double canopy with side and central shafts, and an architectural base,
and the marginal inscription describes Grevel as having been " Flos
mercatorum lanarum totius Angliae," i>. " The flower of the wool
merchants of the whole realm of England." His gown has a rich
belt with an anelace, and he wears the mantle buttoned upon his
shoulder, and a hood. In the spandrels of the two pediments of the
canopy there are foiled circles containing his merchant's mark, and
his coat-of-arms appears upon shields above.

The Cirencester brass is also canopied, and the lost inscription
stated that Page employed his wealth in repairing churches and
roads.

But it is the long series of brasses at Northleach which surpass
all others in interest. In the first the unknown merchant, dressed
like Grevel, lies with his feet upon a woolpack. Thos. Fortey, like
Page, repaired churches and roads, and lies beneath a canopy. The
wife's second husband was a tailor, one William Scors. John Fortey
nuide the roof of the church, and is appropriately under a canopy
(cf. illustration), with his merchant's mark and initials placed six times
in the marginal inscription. His right foot rests upon a sheep, his left
upon a woolpack. The same arrangement is found in the next

I70 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

brass, where there is a merchant's mark upon the pack, and also in
that of Thos. Bushe. John Taylour has a sheep Standing on the
woolpack, a shepherd's crook lying in front, and two crooks crossed
at r^t angles on the pack for mark. Bushe's sheep is standing,
and, unlike the others, possesses long curling boms. This is
altogether a curious and also handsome brass. Three similar sheep
are engraved in the spandrel of the canopy, resting under a spreading
tree, while above it a shield is suspended from a large hook, and
bears the aims of the staple of Calais, which were Barry tuhtiie of
6, arf^ and asurt, on a cMef guia a Son passant gardani or. These
arms appear also in the woolmen's brasses at Witney and Thame,
Standon, and at St. Olave, Hart Street, which is illustrated. It
contains a slight error, in that the lion is not gardant; but such

mistakes were often made. There was also a crest, which is not
illustrated, viz. On a wraith a ram argent armed and itngnied or.
Supporters, Two rams tinctured as before. The motto was, " God be
our Friend."

In Lincolnshire, at Lynwode, both brasses, to father and son,
are very fine ones, with double and single canopies, the first adding
an embattled entablature and seven canopied children in cross-
hatched niches along the base. The feet in each case rest upon a
wool-pack, the son's beating also a merchant's mark.

THE WOOL-STAPLERS 171

At Stamford the staple of Calais was of great importance, and is
the origin of the curious local name of " Callises," for almshouses,
these having been freely built for members of the staple. John
Browne, like other woolmen, rests his feet against two packs. But
the later Wm. Browne, 1489, is the more interesting personage, a
'^marchant of very wondeiiful richenesse," as he is described by
Leland. Besides carrying out the restoration of All Saints' Church,
begun by his father, and building the fine late Perpendicular steeple
at the west end of the new north aisle, he founded in 1485 the noble
hospital which bears his name, for a warden and confrater, ten poor
brethren, and two nurses. He was alderman (i>. mayor) of the
borough six times, and thrice sheriff of Rutland. The brass is fine,
but mutilated, the canopy over the husband's head being lost, while
the wife's remains ; it bears on the pediment a stork upon a nest in a
circle, being a rebus for her maiden name, which was Stokke. Over
the head of Wm. Browne is a short scroll, bearing the motto " + me
spede," and another is over the wife, " Der lady help at nede." The
figures measure about 4^^ feet, and are well engraved. Browne has a
mantle fastened by a single button on his right shoulder, and his feet
rest on two woolpacks. The inscription consists of six Latin hexa-
meters under each figure, and the two halves are divided from one
another by a quaint device of two woolpacks, on each of which stands
a stork or other bird, with the motto " + me spede " above its head.

The other brasses are for the most part smaller, and of altogether
less interest, calling for little comment. That at Wimington, in
Bedfordshire^ stands first of all in order of date, and is^ moreover,
in itself a fine memorial with a good double canopy, upon an altar
tomb, and in good preservation. Curteys was Mayor of the Staple,
and is thus described in the marginal inscription : " Johes Curteys
dns de Wjrmynton quondam maior staple lanaru Calesii & Albreda
ux' ei' qui istam eccliam de novo construxerut." But there are no
symbols of trade or office.

John Bacon, at All Hallows Barking, by the Tower of London,
was citizen and woolman, and rests his feet upon the pack. The
others in this church, though members of the staple of Calais, are
described as draper and mercer respectively. The London staplers
at Ealing and St. Andrew Undershaft, were also mercers. The last
two merchants of the staple, at Easton Neston and Chicheley, both
rank as esquires, and appear in armour.

THE LEGAL PROFESSION 173

No account has yet been taken of inscriptions in which wool
merchants are mentioned, but where there is no effigy. A few are
known. At Newark, Notts., Robt. Whitecoumbe, 1447, was a
Merchant of Calais, and his mark is given. Again at Erith^ Kent,
Emma Wode, 147 1, was the daughter of John Walden, Mayor of the
Staple of Calais. At Farringdon, Berks., Petronilla Parker, 1471,
was the wife of another merchant of the staple. John Reed, at
Wrangle, Lincs.^ ^S^4» ^^ ^ \axge slab, from which a shield of arms
and a merchant's mark are lost, and a marginal inscription beginning,
" Here liethe y" bodies of John Reed sutyme marchant of y*" Stapyll
of Calys & Margaret his wyfe."

APPENDIX (2)

The Legal Profession

Beginning with several fine examples in the Lancastrian period,
there yet remain an interesting series of brasses in memory of judges
and other members of the legal profession, which present admirable
illustrations of the judicial costume. These men differ in detail, but
in general wear a close cap or coif, a plain gown reaching to the
ankles and with close sleeves, a fur tippet^ a mantle lined with
minever, and buttoned upon the right shoulder, and a hood.
The earliest are these : —

Deerhurst, Glos., 1400, Sir John Gassy and wife.
Watford, Herts., 141 5, Sir Hugh de Holes (mutilated).
Gunby, Lines., 141 9, Wm. de Lodyngton.
Wath, Yorks., 1420, Rich. Norton and wife (much worn).
Eyke, Suffolk, c, 1430, John Staverton (mutilated).
Graveney, Kent, 1436, John Martyn and wife.
St. Mary Redcliff, Bristol, 1439, Sir John Juyn.
Brightwell Baldwin, Oxon., 1439, John Gottusmore.

Sir John Gassy was chief baron of the Exchequer, and, his brass
is especially good. The minever lining of his mantle is very clearly
expressed, and his coif is of two pieces, laced or braided together
over the head. The tippet is not visible. He and his lady, the

SIB JOHN CASSY AND HIS WIFB ALICE, I4OO

DEBKHDUT, OLOUCCSTXUUIIIE

(Small figure of SL John the B«,ptiit, msected fiom a rabbii^ id the

poMMuoa of Ihe Sodelf of Antiquuies)

THE LEGAL PROFESSION 175

mistress of the dog Terri (cf. p. 160), lie beneath a fine and still
perfect double canopy, with roses in the pediments. Figures of
St. Anne and the Blessed Virgin stand upon small detached brackets,
and another of St. John the Baptist is lost. It is, however, restored
in the accompanying illustration, from a rubbing in the collection of
the Society of Antiquaries, by the Rev. W. K Scott-Hall. The
border inscription, like some others in Gloucestershire, is in raised
letters, with each word divided from the rest by curiously wrought
flowers and leaves, and one amazing little dragon.

John Staverton, if the brass is indeed his, as Cotman supposes, was
also a baron of the Exchequer, in gown, fiur-lined mantle, and hood ;
but his brass is mutilated, and the inscription lost

The others were justices or chief justices of the King's Bench or
Court of Common Pleas. Thus, Wm. de Lodyngton, at Gunby St.
Peter's, is described in his inscription as " Unus Justiciarior* illus-
trissimi dni Regis Henrici quinti de coi Banco.'' C5i stands for
communi, and the meaning is therefore ** One of the justices of the
King's Bench of Common Pleas." He is an imposing figure^ resting
with the feet upon a leopard, under a particularly elegant single
canopy, ornamented with trefoils and roses, and two inscriptions
below, the second being the usual obit, and the first a pair of
verses —

** Loudyngton William stricto : tumulo requiescens
Justus erat quoniam sit celestis : dape vescens."

He wears a belt and anelace, and the furred edge of his tippet
can be seen under the mantle. His hood is of fiir, and also
apparently his coif, which entirely covers the ears as well as the hair.
The material of the coif was, however, white silk or lawn.

The Graveney brass is also a very rich one, and Judge Martyn is
similarly described as ^'Unus Jus[ticiarorum] dni Regis de coi
Banco." His fur-lined mantle more completely covers the person,
and in his hands he carries a heart, cut away for enamel or colouring
and inscribed with the words, " Jhu m'cy." Again the coif is cut
away for the insertion of white enamelling. The lady wears kirtle,
mantle, and homed headdress, and the two lie under a graceful
double canopy.

Sir John Juyn was Recorder of Bristol and baron of the
Exchequer, as well as Chief Justice in the King's Bench. His

176 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

brass has no canopy, but presents a very perfect example of the
judicial robes, with an inscription in separate words of raised letters
around the margin, and a foot inscription in eight Latin verses^ in
which his various offices are given at fiill length.

At Brightwell Baldwin Chief Justice Cottusmore and his wife
have large figures under a fine canopy upon the church floor, and
a second brass upon the wall, in which they appear again, kneeling^
and very small, with a long inscription in twenty-six Latin
hexameters.

The judicial brasses of the latter part of the century are
smaller and less imposing and without canopies, but include several
interesting examples.

Callington, Cornwall, c, 1465, Nich. Assheton and wife.
Latton, Essex, 1467, Sir Peter Ardeme and wife.
Rougham, Norfolk, c. 1470, Sir Wm. Yelverton and wife.
Bray, Berks., 1475, ^^ Wm. Laken.
Middleton, Warw., 1476, Sir Rich. Byngham and wife.
Dagenham, Essex, 1479, Sir Thos. Urswyk and wife.
Wappenham, Northants., 148 1, Sir Thos. Billyng and wife.
Cowthorpe, Yorks., 1494, Brian Rouclyff.

The Callington brass is good, though its marginal inscription is
slightly mutilated, '' the Wych Nycholas Was one of the Kynges
Juges and Secundarie of the Com . . ." Sir Peter Ardeme was a
chief baron of the Exchequer and judge of the Common Pleas. At
Rougham we have a very small and curious brass, the work of local
engravers. Sir William, a justice of the Sling's Bench, is in complete
armour, with a great sword buckled in front of his body. The
judicial tippet^ mantle, and hood are, however, worn over the armour,
a standing collar of mail appearing above the hood. His large coif
gives him a somewhat ridiculous appearance, and he has a Collar
of Sims and Roses thrown over the mantle. His head is half turned
towards his wife, who is in kirtle, mantle, and butterfly headdress.

Sir Wm. Laken, a justice of the Kong's Bench, is in the usual
dress, but with the addition of an anelace and a rosary. The figure
of his wife has been lost, and also his inscription.

The brass at Middleton is another example of local work,
though the Warwickshire engravers belonged to a distinct school
from that of Norfolk. Byngham was ''Miles & Justiciar!' de
banko dni regis." His under-gown is lined and edged with fur, but

178 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

his mantle is plain. The drawing of the whole brass is very poor,
and the height of the figure about 3 feet The small Dagenham
brass is more pleasmg. Sir Thos. Urswyk, who was chief baron of
the Exchequer and Recorder of London, wears the fur-lined mantle,
but is bare-headed, and has no hood. The brass of Judge Billyng
was brought to Wappenham from Bitlesden Abbey, but is now
grievously mutilated. The lower part of both principal effigies is
gone, as well as most of the children, and many of the small scrolls,
inscribed, ''JhQ mercy Lady helppe," which, to the number of
sixteen, were powdered all over the slab. Sir Thos. Billyng was a
chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas.

Another sad example of gross carelessness and destruction in
modem times appears in the brass of Brian Rouclyfif^ at Cowthorpe,
in the West Riding. In its original condition it consisted of the
figures of husband and wife holding the model of a church between
them — Rouclyff being the founder of Cowthorpe church — ^and
standing under a double canopy enriched with heraldic devices;
between the feet of the figures there stood a small bier, as a
subsidiary memorial to John Burgh, uncle and benefactor to Brian,
and below this an English inscription in eight lines in double
columns, a marginal inscription enclosing the whole. It was
probably the finest brass of its time. In 1841 it was described by
Waller, who afterwards produced an admirable plate of it in his
SerUs of Monumental Brcusesy as being in a most disgraceful state of
neglect, and with a large stove set upon the figures. A few years
later more than two-thirds of the brass was carried off by thieves.
Only fragments now remain, the church, the bier, two pieces of
canopy-finials, and the effigy of Rouclyfi* himself. He was '' tercius
Baro de Socio diii Regis," and is represented in his robes, but with-
out a coif. Norfolk and Warwickshire schools of engraving have
already been mentioned as illustrated in this little group of brasses.
The Cowthorpe brass was by some member of another local school
settled in Yorkshire, where there are several brasses of a quite
unusual type, of which this was one.

A few more judicial brasses occur in the sixteenth century —

Cheltenham, Glos., 15 13, Sir Wm. Greville and wife.
Norbury, Derbs., 1538, Sir Anthony Fitzherbert and wife.
Cople, Beds., 1 544, Sir Walter Luke and wife.

i8o THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Aston, Warw.y 1545, Thos. Holte, Esq., and wife.
Halton, Bucks., 1553, Hen, Bradschawe, Esq., and wife.
Milton, Cambs., 1553, Wm. Coke and wife.
Narburgh, Norfolk, 1556, Sir John Spelman and wife.
Cople, Beds., 1563, Nich. Luke, Esq., and wife.
Noke, Oxon., 1598, Hen. Bradshawe, Esq.

These are, again, all justices of the Common Pleas or barons of
the Exchequer in their official robes, except that Nich. Luke has no
coif, and the second Henry Bradshawe no mantle. He shares a
small quadrangular and mural plate with his wife and his wife's first
husband. Thos. Holte, also, is mutilated and headless ; he was a
" Justice of North Wales." In the kneeling figures of Sir Walter
Luke and Sir John Spelman the robes are cut away and their folds
represented by raised lines, the surface being made with colour,
which largely remains in the Cople brass, a strong red. Luke was
" One of the Justyc' of the plees Holden before the most Excelent
prynce Kyng Henry the Eyght," while Spelman was " Secundary
Justic' of the king bench."

Serjeants-at-law are represented by a few brasses —

Checkendon, Oxon., 1404., John Rede.

Gosfield, Essex, 1439, Thos. Rolf.

Whaddon, Bucks., 15 19, Thos. Pygott and two wives.

St. Mary RedclifT, Bristol, 1522, John Brook and wife.

The Checkendon brass is a fine one, with triple canopy, architec-
tural base, and marginal inscription, and John Rede is shown in a
plain gown edged with fur, but without waistband or girdle, and a
hood. Thos. Rolf is more distinctively dressed in a cassock and tabard
or rochet, like those worn in academical brasses^ a tippet edged with
fur, a hood with two labels or " bands," and a coif. This is the
usual dress, and is exemplified in the other instances given. At
Cople, Beds., there is also probably a serjeant-at-law, in gown,
tippet, hood, and coif, but omitting the tabard and bands. The date
is c. 1 410, to " Nichol Rolond & Pernel sa femme," but with no
further particulars.

The legal profession is, of course, represented in other brasses
where no special costume is given. This, for instance, is the case in
the fine brass of Robert Ingylton, Esq., and his three wives, 1472
(illustrated on p. 184), who lie beneath a good quadruple canopy at

i82 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Thornton, Bucks. Ingylton is described in existing hexameters as
" Juris Patronus," in his lost marginal inscription as " Juris peritus,"
and is noted in Haines, as having been Chancellor of the Exchequer.
He is in full armour. John Eyer, Esq.^ 1561, at Narburgh, Norfolk,
is also in armour, and was Master of Chancery, and a receiver-
general to Queen Elizabeth. Sir John Tregonwell, D.C.L., 1565, at
Milton Abbey, Dorset, was also " a master of the chauncerye,'' and
is in a tabard-of-arms. At Somerton, Oxon., another armed figure,
of Wm. Fermoure, Esq., 1552^ was Clerk of tiie Crown in the King's
Bench.

Again, at Sculthorpe, Norfolk, 1470, there is a small kneeling
figure in armour to ^' Henricus Unton Gentilman quodam Cirographori
dia Regis de Coi Banco," the duties of a chirographer being to
ingross and make proclamation of fines in the Common Pleas, and
to deliver the indentures of them to the party.

Notaries wear a plain gown with ink horn and pencase suspended
from the belt, and a scarf and cap on the left shoulder. Instances
occur at Great Chart, Kent, c. 1470, St Mary Tower, Ipswich, c.
1475 and 1506, and at New College, Oxford^ c. 15 10. The first of
the Ipswich notaries is here illustrated, a well-known brass. A
canopy, scrolls at the side of the figure^ and the inscription have
been lost, and the effigy has been relaid in a new stone.

Without distinctive dress, John Muscote, gentleman, at Earls
Barton, Northants., 1512, was a protho-notary of the Court of
Common Pleas, and William Mordant, Hempstead, Essex, 15 18, a
chief protho-notary. Finally, Bartholomew Willesden, at Willesdon,
Middlesex, 1493, was comptroller of the great roll of the pipe, and
wears his hat on his right shoulder, with a long flowing scarf hanging
in front. The office of notary, it may be added, is said to be the
oldest legal one in the world. Notaries were the officials who drew
up, witnessed, and sealed various legal documents, and kept the
records of the law court In the Middle Ages they were frequently in
minor orders, but were not celibate. Master Robert Wymbyll, the
second Ipswich notary, had a wife Alice, who afterwards married
Thos. Baldry, merchant Any document under the hand and seal
of a public notary is recognized as valid by all nations, and the
office still exists.

CHAPTER VIII

THE WARS OF THE ROSES
1453-1485

IN 1452, the previous year to that in which had been
fought the last fight of the Hundred Years' War,
Richard of York took up arms against the Duke of
Somerset, and marched with ten thousand men towards
London. Two years later Prince Edward was born, and
Henry VI. sank into a state of imbecility. On May 23, 1455,
a battle was fought at St Albans, in which the Yorkists were
superior, and thus began the long Civil Wars which were to
end only with the death of Richard III. on Bosworth Field.

And yet with all the cruelty and brutality of long-continued
warfare, there were no buildings destroyed or demolished, and
the ruin and bloodshed fell chiefly upon the great lords and
their retainers, and not upon the people in general.

Brasses, though greatly inferior in merit, were just as
frequently laid down, and we find about three hundred and
fifty figrure-brasses still existing to be referred to this period
of little more than thirty years. Short though it is, the period
stands by itself, and has its own most distinctive style of
armour, and one equally distinct type of feminine costume, of
which the leading feature is the butterfly head-dress, with its
spreading frame of wirework, and its gauzy veil.

Nevertheless, the period is one of rapid deterioration in
workmanship, and there are very few of the three hundred and
fifty brasses which can in any sense be described as " fine."

183

THE WARS OF THE ROSES 185

The best are probably those at Castle Donington, Leicester,
1458, to Robert Staunton, Esq , and his wife ; Northleach,
Gloucester, 1458, to John Fortey, woolman (cf. p. 169) ;
Balsham, Cambridgeshire, 1462, to Dean Blodwell (cf. p. 129) ;
Enfield, Middlesex, c. 1470, to Joyce Lady Tiptoft ; Thornton,
Buckinghamshire, 1472, to Robert Ingylton and his three
wives (cf. illustration and p. 180) ; and Isleham, Cambridgeshire,
1484, to Thomas Peyton, Esq., and two wives. These all
have good canopies, with much interesting detail, but of a
considerably heavier and less graceful kind than heretofore.

There are also at Tattershall, Lincolnshire, the remains of
three other richly canopied brasses, dated 1455, 1479, and
1497, the two later having probably been engraved c, 1460,
which still, in their mutilated condition, form a really grand
series. They commemorate Ralph Lord Treasurer Cromwell,
and the two nieces. Lady Cromwell and Lady Willoughby
d'Eresby, to whom he left his estates. From Henry VL, Lord
Cromwell had obtained a licence to convert the parish church
of Tattershall into a Collegiate Church, with a warden or
provost, six other priests, six secular clerks, and six choristers ;
and an almshouse next to the churchyard for thirteen poor
persons of either sex. A magnificent red-brick castle adjoin-
ing was also built by him, and probably the new church was
begun as soon as the great tower of the castle was finished,
thus affording an exact comparison of the secular and ecclesi-
astical architecture of that date. The three brasses formerly
lay side by side upon the floor of the chancel, in great slabs
which each measured about 10 feet in length. They have
been several times moved, and after having been set up in
Haines' time against the rood-screen, the remaining portions
are now in the pavement of the north transept Lord Cromwell,
over his armour, wears the Mantle of the Garter, though the
shoulder where the badge was is lost, and also the Garter
from the knee, where it seems to have been represented by a
band of enamel. The support of the feet consists of two

i86 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

" wodehowses," or hairy wild men armed with clubs. The
figure of Lady Cromwell and the greater part of the canopy
are now lost, but the side piers remain, with niches once con-
taining St Peter in triple tiara, cope, and crossed stole, three
warrior saints in armour of much interest, viz. St Greorge and
the Dragon, St Maurice with a halberd, and St. Candidus with
lance and pennon, and many others. The St Maurice and
St Candidus still exist, but in the general relaying have
been attached to the brass of a provost c. 1 5 1 5. Joan Lady
Cromwell retains her canopy, which is of very peculiar design
and again enriched with saints. Her first husband. Sir
Humphrey Bourchier, was killed at the battle of Bamet in
1 47 1. The third brass had also a beautiful canopy enriched
with saints, and a super-canopy, all now much mutilated, and
with existing portions misplaced. The lady was thrice married,
and two of her husbands were slain in the Wars of the Roses,
Sir Thomas Neville at the battle of Wakefield, 1460, and Sir
Gervase Clifton at the battle of Tewkesbury in 147 1.

Besides these, there are very few other canopies at all, and
the brasses are generally of medium or small size.

In armour, the peculiarities noticed at the close of the
Lancastrian period at once develope into a new type, which
may be taken to be either the perfection of the Gothic arma-
ment or its downfall. The great feature is in the addition of
fresh pieces of armour of exaggerated size and strange shapes.
On the one hand it has been pointed out that all the changes
are entirely dictated by fitness to purpose, and the require-
ments of jousts and war. Decorative and subtle shell-like
ridgings and flutings are really present more to deflect the
weapon's point than as ornament, while the engrailing,
dentelling, scalloping, and punching of the margins of the
plates, which now appear, unmistakably indicate that the
decorative spirit is applied to embellishing and not to con-
cealing the steel.

On the other hand, the new pieces of armour are often so

THE WARS OF THE ROSES 187

heavy and clumsy that they must have considerably hampered
the men who wore them, and prevented their activity in the
field of battle. They seem to have caused the reintroduction
of the padded and quilted haqueton, which again appears in
several military brasses. In the French wars it had usually
been the custom for knights and men-at-arms to fight on foot,
sending their horses to the rear. In the Wars of the Roses
they more often charged on horseback, and this will in some
sense account for the increased weight upon the body, arms,
and shoulders, while the lower limbs are left more free, with
altogether lighter defences.

The most beautiful example is in the superb gilded metal
effigy of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, on his tomb
in St. Mary's Church (cf. p. 64), of the date 1454, than which
there is nothing finer in England. Every fastening, strap,
buckle and hinge is represented with scrupulous fidelity, and
indeed the armour is supposed to be a faithful reproduction of
that famous Milan suit in which he held his tournament vic-
toriously for three days against all comers, presenting each of
his discomfited adversaries with new war-chargers, feasting
the whole company, and finally " returning to Calais with great
worship."

The brasses are numerous, and there are more than seventy
armed figures still in existence, of which a selection is now
given : —

Castle Donington, Leics., 1458, Robt. Staunton, £sq., and wife.
Shembome, Norfolk, 1458, Sir Thos. Shembome and wife.
Preston-by-Faversham, Kent, 1459, ^™* Mareys, Esq.
Wilmslow, Cheshire, 1460, Sir Robt. del Bothe and wife.
Thame, Oxen., c. 1460, Rich. Quatremayns, Esq., wife and son.
Cirencester, Glos., 1462, Wm. Prelatte, Esq., and two wives.
Green's Norton, Northants., 1462, Sir Thos. Grene and wife.
Hathersage, Derbs., 1463, Robt. Eyr, Esq., and wife.
Arundel, Sussex, 1465, John Threel and wife.
Stow-cum-Quy, Cambs., c. 1465, John Ansty, Esq.
Hildersham, Cambs., 1466, Hen. Paris, Esq., under canopy.

i88 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Aughton, Yorks., 1466, Rich. Ask, Esq., and wife.
Stokerston, Leics., 1467, John Boville and wife.
Tong, Salop., 1467, Sir Wm. Vernon and wife.
Morley, Derbs., 1470, Sir Thos. Stathum and two wives.
Stoke Rochford^ Lines., 1470, Hen. Rochforth, Esq., and wife.
Addington, Kent', 1470, Robt. Watton, Esq., and wife.
Bylaugh, Norfolk, 147 1, Sir John Curson and wife.
Thornton, Bucks., 1472, Robt. Ingylton and three wives.
Sprotborough, Yorks., 1474, Wm. Fitz-William, Esq., and wife.
Mugginton, Derbs., c, 1475, Nich. Kniveton and wife.
Sotterley, Suffolk, 1479, Thos. Playters, Esq., and wife.
St. Albans Abbey, 1480, Sir Anth. Grey.
Westminster Abbey, 1^83, Sir Thos. Vaughan (mutilated).
Isleham, Cambs., 1484, Thos. Peyton, Esq., and two wives.

The head is usually bare. Nevertheless, the very dis-
tinctive head-piece, called the sal lad or shell-helmet, which
was principally in use during the Wars of the Roses, appears
occasionally. It differs altogether from the bascinet of former
times, or the close-fitting armet which was to come, and was
shaped like a great hat, often with a wide brim which pro-
jected far behind. With it was worn the bavier, a chin-piece
which was strapped round the neck or fastened to the breast-
plate for tilting, and a hinged vizor, which in brasses is in-
variably raised. Good examples occur at Castle Donington
(without the bavier), Cirencester, Addington, Sprotborough,
and in small brasses at St. Peter's, Leeds, 1459 (Sir John
Langton), and Great Thurlow, Suffolk, c. 1460.

In the shoulder-pieces there is considerable variation.
Sometimes there are heavy epauli^res of several overlapping
pieces, as at Castle Donington. At Thame, in both figures,
these appear on the right shoulder only, with a placcate or
moton at the armpit, and a ridged pauldron on the left arm.
Where there is no bavier a standing collar or " standard " of
mail now frequently appears round the throat.

But the pauldrons are the usual defences of the shoulders.
At first they are made of single plates, with one or more

v..

SIK THOMAS SHBKNBOKNE, I45S
SHBKN60BNE, NORFOLK

I90 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

ridges, as at Shernbome (cf. illustration) and Wilmslow, and
afterwards more frequently of two, which are riveted together
and have no ridges at all, as at Morley, Thornton, and St
Albans. A hooked lance-rest is often screwed to the cuirass
on the right side, as at Hildersham and Green's Norton.
Elbow-pieces, now termed coudi^res, present, however, the
greatest extravagances, and often resemble in size as well as
shape the great morions of the Tudor pikemen. The knight
illustrated wears but moderate coudi^res, though he is other-
wise a very typical figure. He, Sir Thomas Shernbome, was
chamberlain to Margaret of Anjou, and married Jamina de
Chemeys, a lady-in-waiting to the queen. At Castle Doning-
ton and Thame the coudi^res are fan-shaped and of really
enormous size. The arming-points or studs by which they
are attached are often shown, those at Tong taking the form
of small rosettes. Like the head, hands are now often bare,
but clumsy gauntlets also appear, with backs like the shell
of a tortoise, and long, pointed cuffs. The skirt of taces
becomes shorter and the tuilles correspondingly large, with
a baguette of mail between them, or a small mail skirt or
fringe. The tuilles are conspicuously strapped to the taces,
as at Shernbome, and end in a point which almost touches
the genouilli^re. This has frequently an overlapping plate at
the back, and other additional pieces. The sollerets are still
long and pointed. The sword, instead of being worn at the
left side, is now almost invariably suspended from a small
belt in front of the body, the dagger maintaining its ^usual
position upon the right

Amongst the signs of deterioration in workmanship it may
be noticed that, whereas the head is still often pillowed upon
a tilting-helm, as if the effigy were recumbent, the feet are
placed upon a ground of grass and flowers, as if it were stand-
ing in an upright position. An early example may be seen
in the otherwise excellent brass of Sir William and Lady
Vernon at Tong, already mentioned. At Sir William's head

THE WARS OF THE ROSES 191

are his helm, crest (a boar's head), and mantling, and at his
feet grass and trefoils. His wife, on the contrary, dressed in
kirtle, sideless cote-hardi, mantle, widow's wimple, and veil,
has nothing beneath her head, and a dragon at her feet.
This animal is a most extraordinary creature, with hoofs,
trunk, and tusks, and is apparently introduced in allusion to
the lady's Christian name and patron saint Margaret, whose
emblem is the dragon.

A similarly placed monster is for the same reason figured
in the brass of Margaret Castyll, at Raveningham, Norfolk,
1483. The Vernon brass is also remarkable for the free in-
troduction of small scrolls, which are given not only above
the principal effigies, but proceed also from the mouths of
five of their twelve children, one being lost, who are placed
in a row singly or in pairs underneath. From the father,
" Benedictus deus in donis suis ; " from the mother, '' Jhu
fili dauid miserere nob' ; " from the eldest son, " Sp'aui in dno
et eripiat me ; " from the second, " ffili dei memento mei ; "
from the fifth, " Dne leuaui alam mea ad te ; " from the
third daughter, " Jhu fili' marie pietat' miserere nobis." The
heraldry is also complete and interesting. Sir William was
Knight Constable of England, probably in succession to
Sir Sampson Meverill, who held it from and in the lifetime
of John, Duke of Bedford.

Sir Thos. Stathum and his wives at Morley, Derbyshire,
have also scrolls, and these are of special interest, because
they are addressed each to the patron saint, who is repre-
sented on a small plate above. They may all be seen in the
accompanying illustration. Sir Thomas has " See Scristofere
ora p nobis," to a pleasing figure of St Christopher, with one
foot raised and one in the stream, and the Divine Child upon
his shoulder, carrying an orb and sceptre. The dexter wife,
Elizabeth, exclaims, "Sea Anna ora p nobis," to St Anne
and the little Virgin, who wears a kirtle and sideless cote-
hardi. The second wife, Thomasine, has " Sea Maria ora pro

192 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

nobis," the Blessed Virgin being throned, with mantle, crown,
and sceptre, and the Holy Child upon her lap.

It is during the Yorkist period that tabards-of-arms begin
to come into common use, and with them the heraldic kirtles
and mantles worn by the ladies. The tabard was a short
square coat, put on over the armour, and emblazoned with
the wearer's arms. These were also repeated on each of its
sleeves, which terminate above the elbow. The jupon had
formerly been the vehicle for heraldic expression, and the
tabard takes its place. The earliest now found on a brass is
at Amberley, Sussex, 1424 (cf. p. 42 and illustration), worn
by John Wantele over Lancastrian armour, but in this first
example the arms are not repeated on the sleeves. The
second instance is at Childrey, Berks., 1444, in a fine canopied
brass for Wm. Fyndeme, Esq., and his wife, who are both
heraldically attired. But even here the tabard has not reached
its conventional shape, and covers all the body-armour. The
arms emblazoned are — Argent^ a chevron between 3 crosses
pattie-fitchie sable^ the chevron differenced by an annulet of the
field.

Examples in the Yorkist period occur at —

Edenhall, Cumberland, 1458, Wm. Stapilton, Esq., and wife.
Stow-cum-Quy, Cambs., c. 1465, sons of John Ansty, Esq.
Lowick, Northants., 1467, Hen. Grene, Esq., and wife.
Broxboume, Herts., 1473, Sir John Say and wife.
St. George's Chapel, Windsor, 1475, Sir Thos. Sellynger and wife.
St Mary Redcliflf, Bristol, 1475, Philip Mede, Esq., and two wives.

During the Tudor period they become far more common.
In the Edenhall brass the arms are Stapilton impaling Veteri-
pont, and are properly repeated on the sleeves. There is a
well-expressed sallad helmet with a raised vizor, but no bavier.
At Quy, or, more correctly, Stow, it is only the sons who wear
tabards, twelve in pumber, all alike, and kneeling, in a small
plate which touches the lower fillet of a marginal inscription.
The father wears the ordinary Yorkist armour, with ridged

i I u

194 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

pauldrons and heavy tuilles. The Lowick brass includes nine
scrolls (one lost), inscribed, " Da gliam Deo."

Sir John and Lady Say are more interesting, the brass
having been engraved under the direction of Sir John himself,
and laid down by his order upon an altar-tomb at the decease
of Lady Say in 1473. Moreover, the actual colours of the
armorial insignia still remain to a quite considerable extent,
and consist largely of red and blue enamel, these tinctures
being the leading ones in the Say arms, viz. Per pale azure
and guleSy 3 chevronels or^ each charged with another humetti^
counterchanged of the field. Sir John Say was a privy councillor,
speaker of the House of Commons, and an esquire-at-arms to
Edward IV. Lady Say is also richly attired in a heraldic
mantle emblazoned with her own arms, which retains much
of its colour.

The Windsor and Bristol brasses are early examples of
the use of mural quadrangular plates, which must not be
confused with foreign work. Sir Thos. St Leger (Sellynger)
married Anne, Duchess of Exeter and sister to Edward IV.,
and the brass, which is fixed to the wall of the Rutland chapel,
depicts them both in heraldic dresses, together with a repre-
sentation of the Holy Trinity. The Mede brass is similar,
except that there are two wives, one only of whom is in a
heraldic mantle, and there is a demi-figure of our Saviour.

The Lancastrian collar of SS. naturally disappears during
the Yorkist period, only one instance of its use having been
noticed — in the Kniveton brass at Mugginton, Derbyshire,
c, 1475. It is there worn with the portcullis, the badge of the
Beauforts and afterwards of the Tudors. Still later instances
occur at Little Bentley, Essex, c, 1490, and at Aspley Guise,
Beds., at about the same date, though without the portcullis.

But the Yorkists had a collar of their own, consisting of
a succession of alternate suns and roses, and adopted by
Edward IV. after the battle of Mortimer's Cross in 1461. It
is worn by Sir John Say at Broxboume, Sir Anthony Grey

THE WARS OF THE ROSES 195

at St Albans, and many others. But perhaps the best
example is in the brass of the Earl of Essex at Little Easton,
already mentioned (p. 1 54) as a Garter knight in the mantle
and badge of his illustrious Order. Though without canopy,
the brass must be included amongst the few fine specimens
of the age. Both the earl and countess wear the Collar of
Suns and Roses, and to that of the latter a lion couchant
is attached as a pendant. The earl's head rests upon his
coroneted and crested tilting-helm, the countess upon a
diapered cushion, supported by angels.

Ladies' costume during the first half of the period still
usually consists of the kirtle and mantle, horned head-dress,
and veil. As time goes on, the horns are drawn closer together
over the head, and the shape is more correctly described as
" mitred." At the same time the reticulations of the network
aTid its jewelled knots and bands are generally omitted, not
perhaps because they were absent, but because the brasses
were less carefully drawn. The mantle is also frequently
omitted, unless emblazoned with heraldry, and the shape of
the kirtle changes. In the form exhibited by the three wives
of Robert Ingylton, Esq., at Thornton, in 1472 (p. 184), and
the two Stathums at Morley, in 1470 (p. 193), the tight sleeves
are furnished with fur cuffs, and the neck is also cut low and
trimmed with fur. This dress is typical and very frequent.

The butterfly head-dress begins to be worn at the same
time ; in fact, at Thornton, while the three mothers are in
mitred head-dresses, their daughters, who appear on separate
plates below the principal figures, are all in butterfly. It is
found typically in the costume of Lady Say, above-mentioned,
in 1473. Her neck is enriched with a gorgeous carcanet of
gems, and her hair drawn tightly back from the forehead into
a square-shaped net, which is ornamented with braid and
jewels. Over, above, and around this a veil of gauze is
extended upon wires, and the butterfly appearance is thus
given. In actual use it must have been both light and beautiful.

K J

THE WARS OF THE ROSES 197

In brasses it looks heavy and uncouth, being eminently unsuited
for reproduction in such a material.

The brass of Sir Thomas Urswyk, 1479, Recorder of
London and Chief Baron of the Exchequer, at Dagenham,
Essex, will serve to illustrate the point. His wife wears the
butterfly head-dress, extended from an elaborate net, and the
usual low-necked and close-fitting gown, with its furred edge
falling so far down that the upper part of the corsage is
exposed to view. Her cuffs and her necklace are also very
typical, and even her attitude, in which the body is thrown
back from the hips. The group of daughters is of much
greater interest. The first was a nun, of whom mention has
been made on p. 131 ; the next two are like their mother,
except that they have no mantles or necklaces, and, indeed,
resemble even more nearly the usual ladies of the period,
while the other five are probably unique, so far as brasses are
concerned, in their conical nets and long hair. Their brothers
are in the ordinary civilian dress of the time, but by a com-
paratively recent act of theft the plate has now disappeared
from the slab. A chamfer inscription round the verge is also
lost. Further mention of Sir Thomas will be found (p. 178)
in the preceding section upon brasses to members of the l^al
profession. The height of the principal efligies is about
2 feet 3 inches.

A few examples are now given of ladies represented alone.
The earlier will usually be in horned, the later in mitred, or
in butterfly head-dresses. Widows still wear the wimple and
veil. Maiden ladies usually have long, flowing hair.

Cheshunt, Herts., 1453, Joan Cley.
Ware, Herts., 1454, Elena Warbulton.
Dartford, Kent, 1454, Agnes Molyngton (widow).
Swithland, Leics., r. 1455, Agnes Scot.
Ingrave, Essex, 1457, Marg. FitzLewis.
Blickling, Norfolk, 1458, Cecilie Boleyn (maiden).
Ash-next-Sandwich, Kent, c. 1460^ Jane Keriell.

igS THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Cheddar, Somerset, c, 1460, Isabell Cheddar.

Stoke d*Abemon, Surrey, 1464, Anna Norbury.

Heme, Kent, 1470, Christine Phelip.

Farringdon, Berks., 147 1, Fetronilla Parker.

Erith, Kent, 1470, Emma Wode.

All Saints, Stamford, Lines., 147 1, Marg. Elmes.

Little Wittenham, Berks., 1472, Cecilia Kydwelly.

Harrington, Lines., 1480, Marg. Copledike.

Oxted, Surrey, 1480, Joan Haselden.

Etchingham, Sussex, 1480, Elizth. and Agnes Echyngham (maidens).

Raveningham, Norfolk, 1483, Marg. Wyllughby.

Jane Keriell at Ash has a quite unique head-dress, in
which the netted horns are joined to a lai^e inverted horse-
shoe ornament, rising to a great height from the forehead.
Her inscription is a curious example of rhymed verse. Another
brass of special interest is that at Heme to Christine Phelip
wife of Sir Matthew Phelip, citizen and goldsmith of London
It presents many peculiarities, and, being finely executed and
finished, was probably engraved in the husband's workshop,
instead of by the ordinary brass-workers. The head-dress
is mitred, and the pattern of the net carefully drawn. The
waistband is broad and has a large rosary attached ; the hands
are spread with palms outwards, and the mantle is unusually
long and heavily lined with fur.

Where dresses are emblazoned with heraldry, the lady's
personal coat-of-arms is frequently embroidered upon her
kirtle, her husband's upon the mantle. But more often it is
only the mantle which is thus decorated, and then the arms
will generally be impaled, the husband's on the dexter side,
the wife's on the sinister, as in a shield.

Ladies in heraldic dresses are found at Upminster, Essex,
145;, in the brass of Elizabeth Dencourt ; Enfield, Middlesex,
c. 1470; and Long Melford, Suffolk, c. 1480.

The Long Melford ladies are in butterfly head-dresses, and
have their kirtles emblazoned as well as their mantles, and
each lies under a now mutilated canopy. The first was

THE WARS OF THE ROSES 199

probably Margery Clopton, and the second Alice Harleston,
mother and half-sister respectively of John Clopton, a great
benefactor to the noble church of Long Melford, by whose
order possibly the brasses were executed Lady Tiptoft's
brass at Enfield has a very fine triple canopy, on the shafts of
which are suspended six shields of arms, bearing, in various
combinations, the arms of Powis, Holland, and Tiptoft The
lady wears a richly jewelled homed head-dress and coronet,
necklace and pendant, a furred, sideless cote-hardi over her
low-necked kirtle, and her mantle, which bears a lion rampant
on the dexter side for Powis, and within a border 3 lions
passant gardant for Holland. She was the daughter of
Edward Charlton Lord Powis, whose wife was daughter to
Thomas Holland, Earl of Kent Her husband's arms, a
saltire engrailed, do not appear on the dress. He, Sir John
Tiptoft, was summoned to Parliament as Baron Tiptoft and
Powis, and having been in high reputation with Henry V. and
Henry VI., died in 1442, nearly four years before his wife.
Probably her son, John Lord Tiptoft, who was beheaded in
1470, erected this altar-tomb to his mother's memory. A
later stone canopy has been built over the tomb, and portions
of the masonry superimposed upon parts of the marginal
inscription.

Civilians are represented by rather more than a hundred
examples. But there is very little variety amongst them, for
their costume remains the same throughout the period. The
plain gown reaching to a short distance below the knee, with
bag sleeves drawn in at the wrists, and a leather belt, continue
to be worn. The mantle seldom appears except as an
indication of official position. Anelaces become rare, and in
their place a short rosary is often worn, composed of a few
large beads, usually twelve in number, and ending in a short
tassel. The hair is close cropped, and the feet are in pointed
shoes. With the exception of the great woolmen's brasses at
Northleach and Stamford the figures are generally small and

200 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

of little account. A few are, however, here given by way of
examples —

Leigh, Essex, 1453, I^ich. and John Haddok and wives.

Bethersden, Kent, 1459, Wm. Lovelace, Gent

Walton, Suffolk, 1459, Wm. Tabard and wife.

Stanton Harcourt, Oxon., 1460, Thomas Harecourt, Esq., and Nich.

Atherton, Esq.
Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, c, 1460, Edw. Coiutenay.
Rodmarton, Glos., 1461, John Edward.
Bark way, Herts., 1461, Robt. Poynard and two wives.
Aldwinckle, Northants., 1463, Wm. Aldewynde, Esq.
Chipping Campden, Glos., 1467, John Lethenard, mcht., and wife.
Chenies, Bucks., 1469, John Waliston, smith, and two wives.
Thwaite, Norfolk, 1469, John Puttok and wife.
Sawbridgeworth, Herts., 1470, Geoff. Joslyne and two wives.
St. Margaret^ Canterbury, 1470, John Wynter, mayor.
Quethiock, Cornwall, 147 1, Roger Kyngdon and wife.
St. John Maddermarket, Norwich, 1473, Ralph Segrim, sheriff and

mayor, and wife.
Great Linford, Bucks., 1473, Roger Hunt and wife.
St Nicholas, Ipswich, 1475, ^^* ^^^^ ^^^ ^^*
Sawley, Derbs., 1478, Robt. Bothe and wife.
St John's, Bristol, 1478, Thos. Rowley, sheriff, and wife.
Wormley, Herts., 1479, £dm. Howton and wife.
Barrowby, Lines., 1479, Nich. Deene and wife.
Chittlehampton, Devon, 1480, John Coblegh and two wives.
Loughborough, Leics., 1480, Thos. Marchall, mcht, and wife.
St. Mary Redcliff, Bristol, c. 1480, John Jay, sheriff, and wife.
St Mary's, Bury St Edmund's, Suffolk,^. 1480, John Smyth and wife.
Little Wittenham, Berks., 1483, Geoff. Kidwelly, Esq.
Tideswell, Derbs., 1483, Robt. Lytton and wife.

Very few offices are mentioned in the inscriptions, other
than those of sheriff, alderman, and mayor. David Kidwelly,
however, at Little Wittenham, Berks., 1454, was Porter of
the Palace to Henry VL, and Gauwyn More, Gent, at Tile-
hurst in the same county, 1469, Marshall of the King's Hall.
William Robins, Esq., St. Stephen's, St Albans, 1482, was

CHALICE BRASSES 201

Clerk of the Signet to Edward IV. At Stopham, Sussex, there
are several officials of Arundel Castle, who compose a some-
what interesting series of brasses. The first is to John
Bartelot, Treasurer of the Household to Thomas Earl of
Arundel, engraved c. 1460, in civilian dress. With him is
another John Bartelot, in armour, but engraved at about the
same time, and described as " Consul providus " to Thomas,
John, and William, Earls of Arundel, and in 1478, Richard
Bertlot, Esq., Marshal of the Hall of the Earl of Arundel.
All these are accompanied by their wives, and there are other
and later brasses in the church to members of the same
family.

Several entirely new types of brasses commence in the
fifteenth century, and become strongly developed and very
numerous in the next, the Tudor period, which will provide
the bulk of examples. Such are chalice brasses, heart
brasses, shrouds, and skeletons. It will be convenient to deal
with each group in an appendix to the present chapter,
gathering all examples under their proper heading.

APPENDIX (i)

Chalice Brasses

It appears to have been the usual custom during the twelfth and
subsequent centuries for priests to be buried in their vestments, with
a chalice and paten placed upon the breast. The coffin-chalices
were commonly made of pewter, lead, or tin, and were not actual
altar-vessels, though copied from them. As priests were buried, so
were they figured in their monumental brasses, and therefore it is
very usual for those who appear in eucharistic vestments to be shown
with their chalices also. About fifty brasses illustrate this, and many
of them will be found noted in the lists given in Chapter VI. In
some instances the chalice is " covered " by its paten, as at Wensley,

202 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Yorks, and North Mimms, Herts.^ c. 1360, both of foreign workman-
ship (cf. p. 93). But most often, instead of a paten, the wafer is

drawn as if it were rising from the bowl,
plain, or inscribed with a cross or the
sacred monogram, and sometimes sur-
rounded by rays.

In the fifteenth century a further cus-
tom arose to design brasses in which the
chalice, or chalice and wafer, alone
represented the burial-place of a priest,
without effigy, though of course with an
CHALICE FROM BRASS OP inscHption. Thc earliest examples are

SIMON DE WENSLAGH, r. /^ j • -.r i u* j ^i. t r

,360 found m Yorkshire, and are the work of

WENSLEY, YORKSHIRE local engntvers probably settled in York.

Four are known —

Ripley, 1429, Rich. Kendale.

Bishop Burton, 1460, Peter Johnson.

St. Michael Spurriergate, York, 1466, Wm. Langton.

St. Peter's, Leeds, 1469, Thos. Clarell.

All of these are without either paten or wafer. The Ripley
chalice, set below its inscription, is only 6^ inches in height, and has
been broken between the knot and the foot. It has a deep hemi-
spherical bowl, long stem with large knot, and a spreading foot.
Until the middle of the fourteenth century, the feet of chalices, and
also the knots, had been circular. But at about that time it became
customary all over Western Europe to lay down the chalice on the
paten to drain after the ablutions at mass. One with a round foot
would have a tendency to roll, and so the shape became hexagonal.
Thus, while in the Wensley brass the foot is circular, in these, and
all that remain to be described, it is hexagonal or octagonal.

The chalice at St. Michael Spurriergate has been seriously
damaged within recent years by the loss of its bowl. It was of good
proportion, 9^ inches high, and well engraved. A long slim stem
rises from an octagonal foot, and is ornamented with a bold knot of
interlaced work. It is interesting to note that William Langton,
rector of "St. Michael Ousebridge," by will made December 13,
1464, and proved August 14, 1466, desired to be buried in the choir
of his parish church between the high altar and the lavatory, and

CHALICE BRASSES 203

amongst various bequests leaves to his church his missal, manual,
chalice^ and three vestments. It is the same chalice perhaps that is
copied in the brass. The Leeds chalice has a much shorter stem
and wider bowl.

From Yorkshire the practice of laying down chalice brasses spread
into Norfolk, and was adopted by the Norwich engravers, who pro-
duced by far the greater number of those which have survived.
They are, however, later in date.

St. Giles', Norwich, 1499, John Smyth.

Colney, 1 502, Henry Alikok.

Hedenham, 1502, Rich. Grene.

Guestwick, 1504, John Robertson.

Bylaugh, 1508, Robert Feelde.

Buxton, 1508, Robt. Northen.

Bintry, 15 10, Thos. Hoont.

Wood Dalling, 15 10, Edw. Warcop.

Surlingham, 1513, Rich. Louhouwys.

Salthouse, 15 19, Robt. Fevyr.

North Walsham, 15 19, £dm. Ward.

North Walsham, c, 1520, Robt. Wythe.

Old Buckenham, c, 1520, unknown.

Scottow, c. 1520, Nich. Wethyrley.

Little Walsingham, c, 1520, Wm. Weststow.

Attlebridge, c. 1525, John Cuynggam.

Bawburgh, 1531, Wm. Richers.

South Burlingham, 1 540, Wm. Curtes.

Besides these, chalices have been lost, but for the most part their
matrices still remain — ^at Sail, 1482, Barton Turf, 1497, Crostwight,
1497, Strumpshaw, 1500, Sloley, c. 1500 and 1503, Tninch, c. 1500,
St. Michael Coslany, Norwich, c. 1515, Hindolvestone, 1531, North-
wold, IS3X, Little Walsingham, 1532, and Walpole St. Peter, 1537.
Unlike the Yorkshire chalices, those in Norfolk are almost invariably
provided with the wafer, plain or inscribed, with or without rays. At
Little Walsingham the existing chalice is curiously held by a pair of
hands which issue from clouds, and again at Bawburgh, though in the
latter instance only the thumbs are visible, grasping the lobes of the
chalice-foot.

The rest of the chalice brasses which have been noted make but
a small list : —

204 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Holwell, lieds., ijiSi Robt. Wodehowse.
Shornc, Kent, 1519, Thos. Elya.
Rendham, Suffolk, 1523, Thos. Kyng.
Gazeley, SufTolk, c, 1530, unknown.

The Suffolk examples may be referred to the Norwich engravers.
That at Holwell is peculiar. The chalice, with its inscription below,
forms the principal part of the memorial, but above it on either side

E FOR KOBERT WODE-
HOWSK, 1515
KOLWELI^ BEDFORDSHIKB

are depicted two small figures of wild men, or " wode-howses," in
reference to the name of the priest It is rare to find a rebus thus
occupying so prominent a position. This and the preceding
illustrations are made from tracings of rubbings. The Wensley
chalice shows the best type of early work, the Bawburgh is a good
specimen of the later Norfolk type, and the clumsy Holwell chalice
looks like the attempt of an engraver unfamiliar with the required
class of memorial.

The Shome brass in Kent is of the ordinary Norfolk type.
Another is lost from St. Margaret's, Rochester.

At Aldboume, in Wilts,, Henry Frekylton, chaplain, 1508, has a
chalice placed beside him, the bowl of which, however, is lost, and
the same arrangement is found at Blockley, Wore., in the brass of
Philip Worthyn, vicar, 1488, kneeling to the lost figures of the
Blessed Virgin and Child.

An interesting brass of a priest in academicals, Arthur Vernon,
1517, at Tong, Salop., has a chalice set above the figure and between

HEART BRASSES 205

two shields of arms. The chalice is 7 inches in height, and has a
good open-work knot and a spreading base, apparently of pentagonal
shape, with small buttressed knops at the points of the foot. The
wafer is inscribed and rayed. A similarly placed chalice, now lost,
occurred above the head of a priest, r. 1510^ at Ashover, Derbyshire.

APPENDIX (2)

Heart Brasses

The typical form of a heart brass is seen when this device is placed
by itself in the midst of a monumental slab, with three scrolls issuing
from it in an upward direction, and a commemorative inscription
below. Such brasses are occasionally found, and form as it were a
class by themselves, just as do chalices when similarly isolated.
Unlike chalices, however, they are not the memorials of any particular
order of men, but of many kinds of persons, being very diversely
used.

Examples in the simplest form occur at —

St. John's, Margate, Kent, 1433, Thos. Smyth, priest.
Kirby Bedon, Norfolk, c, 1450, unknown.
Wiggenhall St. Mary, Norfolk, e. 1450, Sir Robt. Kervile.
Tnmch, Norfolk, c. 1530, unknown.

On the Margate heart are inscribed the words " Credo qd," and
the text from Job xix. 25, 26, is continued on the three scrolls:
(i) "Redemptor mens vivit," (2) "De terra surrecturus sum,"
(3) '^ In came meo videbo salvatore meu." The inscription is an
ordinary Hie jacet to Thomas Smyth, vicar of the church. The
Kirby Bedon inscription is lost, and the Wiggenhall brass partly
covered by a seat in the south aisle. It has four scrolls, of which the
words are given by Haines from Blomfield's Norfolk: (i) "Orate
pro aia diii Roberti," (2) " Kervile Militis de Wygenhale," (3) " filii
Edmundi Keruile de," (4) "Wygenhale cuius cor hie humatur."
The last words suggest that here was only the heart of Sir Robert,
and not his body, and it is probable that other heart brasses point to

2o6 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

the same kind of interments, which were common enough, especially
when deatii occurred in a foreign land. Thus there is a stone
monument with a heart at Burford, Salop., to Edmund Cornwayle,
Esq., "who travelling to know forraine countries died at Collenne
the XIV yeer of Henry VI and willed his servants to bury his body
there, and to enclose his heart in lead and carry it to Burford to be
buryed."

In like manner the body of Sir Thomas Neville was buried at
Birling in 1535, and his heart at Mereworth, Kent, where there is a
stone monument, consisting of two hands holding a heart, just as in
several brasses.

The story of the death of Richard Coeur-de-Lion is familiar to
most people. His body was laid to rest near that of his father,
Henry II., in the Abbey Church of Fontevrault, his heart in the
choir of Rouen Cathedral, and the leaden covering in which it was
buried is now exposed to the curiosity of sight-seers in the Cathedral
Treasury.

Another extremely interesting and early case, of which authentic
records exist, is that of Nicholas Longesp^, Bishop of Salisbury, who
was buried in three different places in the same county. He died
m 1297 at Ramsbury, in Wiltshire, and in that place his bowels were
interred. His body was carried to Salisbury, and there buried
beneath a great slab in the Lady Chapel of the Cathedral, formed
of two stones measuring together nearly 17 feet by 8 feet, in-
laid with brass plates, and the insignia of his family, all of which
are now lost His heart was taken to the Abbey Church of Laycock
on the Avon, where a small, coffin-shaped slab, 16 inches by 10
inches, engraved with three croziers in outline, and now lying in
the pavement of the cloister^ is supposed to have once marked the
place of its interment. The church of this abbey was destroyed soon
after the dissolution^ but several early slabs were removed from the
choir into the cloister, and are still in existence.

But to return to the brasses. Besides the four already mentioned,
there are three more in Norfolk from which the hearts are lost,
though the scrolls remain. They are at Great Ormesby, 1446,
Merton, 1474, and Randworth, c, 1540.

More often the heart is upheld by two hands, which are seen
issuing from clouds, and there are the usual scrolls, on which the
text from Job is of frequent occurrence.

HEART BRASSES 207.

Lillingstone Lovell, Oxon., 1446, John Merstun, priest.
Helbroughton, Norfolk, c. 1450, Wm. Stapilton and wife.
Southacre, Norfolk, 1454, Sir Roger Harsyk and wife«
Loddon, Norfolk, 1462, Dionysius Willys.
Elmstead, Essex, c. 1500, unknown.
Caversfield, Bucks., 1533, Thos. Denton.

At Lillingstone Lovell the heart is bleeding, and inscribed " }tic."
The Southacre heart, which is mutilated, and in 1888 was in the
possession of a churchwarden, was fully inscribed with the text
from Ps. xxxi. 5 : " In ma[nus tuas] drie comen [do spiritum] meu
re[demisti me] d[he deus veritatis]." It is also palimpsest, and shows
upon its reverse the head of a civilian, c. 1400. The scroll inscrip-
tions which have siurvived refer to the persons commemorated:
(i) "syk militis et Alici;" (2) "sue quor* aiab' ppiciet deus;" (3)
'* seruo tuo dne/' Another heart and three scrolls held by hands
issuing out of clouds on a shaft are lost from Brancaster, Norfolk,
but the inscription to Wm. Cotyng, rector, 1485, remains : \'qui hie
nuc in puluere dormit expectans adventu Redemtoris sui." The
existing brass of Anne Muston, 1496, at Saltwood, Kent, consists of
an angel rising from clouds and bearing a hearty with an inscription
beneath, which commences, " Here lieth the bowell of dame Anne
Muston," evidently another instance of the heart separated from the
body. Hearts which differ in various particulars from those types
already described are found at —

Martham, Norfolk, 1487, Robt. Alen, priest.
Fakenham, Norfolk, c, 1500, unknown.
Higham Ferrers, Northants., c, 15 10, unknown.
Melton Mowbray, Leics., 1543, Crystofer Tonsonand wife.
Wedmore, Somerset, c, 1630, Thos. Hodges, Esq.
Ludham, Norfolk, 1633, Grace White.

Also hearts are lost^ though inscriptions remain, at Itteringham,
1 48 1, and Attlebridge, i486, in Norfolk. The Martham heart is
filled in with enamel, and is but a copy of the original, which has
been lost. Upon it are engraved the words^ " Post tenebras spro
luce : laus deo meo." At Fakenham there are four double hearts
inscribed " Jhu mercy," " ladi help," one at each comer of a large
stone. At Higham Ferrers there is nothing but a heart inscribed
" Jhc," above a matrix of what was perhaps the Holy Trinity. At

2o8 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Melton Mowbray the heart is large and inscribed, with an inscription
to Crystofer Tonson and wife, parents of Wm. Tonson, of London,
Esquire for the body to Henry VIIL, and of Bartholomew Tonson,
vicar, who placed it in 1543.

The very late Wedmore brass, which is mural, is more interesting,
and consists of an inscription between two standards, and above it a
heart inscribed, "Wounded not vanqvisht," and surrounded by
laurels; it commemorates Captain Thomas Hodges, ''who at the
si^e of Antwerpe about 1583 with vnconquerd courage wonne two
Ensignes from the enemy : where receiuing his last wound he gave
three l^acyes, his soule to his Lord Jesvs, his body to be lodgd in
Flemish earth, his heart to be sent to his deare wife in England."

In all the above brasses the heart forms the central and most
important feature of the composition. There are many others in
which hearts are introduced in a more subordinate position in
connection with figures.

So at All Hallows Barking, by the Tower of London, in the
brass of the woolman John Bacon and his wife, 14379 two scrolls
rise from their lips, cross one another, and join together again above,
encircling a large heart on which is inscribed the word '* Mercy."
The scrolls bear the words —

" Jhu . fili . dei . miserere . mei .
Mater . dei . memento . mei . ^

and have therefore no special connection with the heart.

At Fawsley, Northants., a heart and three scrolls of the usual
type^ and bearing the " Credo quod redemptor," are placed above
the armed and tabarded figure of Thos. Knyghtley, Esq., 15 16, and
with four shields of arms at the corners of the slab form an attractive
composition. This will also serve to illustrate the simpler form of
heart brass, for the upper part is very much like what is found when
heart and scrolls appear alone.

From much earlier times it was a frequent custom to place small
hearts in the hands of persons commemorated, just as chalices were
placed in those of priests, either to indicate that the deceased had
been enabled to fulfil some vow, or simply to suggest that the heart
was given to God, a ** new heart " desired, or that complete trust was
placed in the sacred heart of Jesus.

The first example in a brass is at Buslingthorpe, Lines., c 1290

2IO THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

(cf. p. 17), and there are many others, as at Aldborough, Yorks., c,
1360 (Wm. de Aldebui^h, in armour) ; Broughton, Lines., r. 1370
(Sir Henry and Lady Redford); Brandsburton^ Yorks., 1397 (Sir
John de St Quintin); Sheldwich, Kent, 1431 (Joan Mareys, in
shroud); Graveney, Kent, 1436 (Judge Martyn); Willian, Herts.,
1446 (Rich. Goldon, priest) ; Great Ormesby, Norfolk, 1446 (a lady);
St. Albans Abbey, c. 1470 (Robt. Beauver, monk); Letchworth,
Herts., 1475 (Thos. Wyrley, priest); Stifford, Essex, c. 1480 (priest
in shroud) ; Sawbridgeworth, Herts., 1484 (John Leventhorp, Esq.,
and wife, in shrouds) ; Chenies, Bucks., c. 15 10 (Lady Phelip), and
Berkeley, Glos., 1526 (Whl Freme). Many of these are curious and
interesting. The two Yorkshire hearts appear to have been enamelled,
as was that of Judge Martyn, which is also inscribed " Jhu m'cy."
The half-length figure at Great Ormesby was recently loose in the
church chest ; the heart bears the following couplet, much effaced : —

" Erth my bodye I giue to the
on my soule Jhu have m'cy."

The St. Albans monk has his heart ensigned with drops of blood,
and about his head upon a scroll the words, " Cor mundum crea in
me deus."

At Letchworth the heart, although held in the priest's hands, has
not only the Credo, but its three accompanying scrolls. At Chenies
there are two scrolls, and at Stifford, Sawbridgeworth and Berkeley
the hearts are all inscribed.

APPENDIX (3)

Shroud Brasses and Skeletons

Shroud brasses and skeletons form yet another distinct class, and
first occur sparingly during the fifteenth century, increasing in
numbers at its close, and plentifully throughout the Tudor period.
As works of art or models of good taste they naturally rank low, and
are connected with the general deterioration in brass engraving which
set in after the close of the French wars. And yet they are of some

SHROUD BRASSES 211

interest, partly as curiosities, and partly because they indicate a
morbid spirit, which seems to have afifected many minds, even at the
very time when^ amongst others, the renewed light of learning was
making its most enthusiastic and luxuriant progress.

The same morbidness is seen in some of the more pretentious
stone monuments of the period. For it is not uncommon, especially
in the eastern counties^ to find high tombs on which are full-sized,
coloured effigies, intended to represent the robes and features of life,
while underneath, and visible through open arches, lie the same
persons in death — emaciated and shrouded figures in their coffins,
realistically and gruesomely carved.

Brasses are more conventional and less unpleasant, and do not,
as a rule, exhibit the same contrast between life and death, seeing
that the shrouded figures usually hold their place alone. The most
frequent exception is when a brass commemorates more than one
person, and was laid down at the death of the first and in the lifetime
of the second. It then sometimes happened that the deceased was
represented by a shrouded figure, and the survivor in ordinary cos-
tume, as at Newington-juxta-Hythe, where the husband, who died in
1 541, is in his shroud, and the wife, who survived him, in ordinary
dress. Or in the curious brass at Taplow, Bucks., 1455, ^^ ^^^
brothers and a sister, of whom one brother only is in a shroud. Or,
again, in the very extraordinary brass of Tomesina Tendryng, at
Yoxford, Suffolk, 1485, there are seven children, each upon a sepa-
rate plate, three boys in shrouds, and four girls, two of whom are in
ordinary dress, with long hair, and two in shrouds. The meaning of
this, of course, is that the two daughters alone survived the mother,
who is herself but very little covered by her knotted shroud, caught
together in front of the body by a single pin.

Fifteenth-century examples are found at —

Sheldwich, Kent, 143 1, Joan Mareys.

St John's, Margate, Kent, 1446, Rich. Notfelde.

St. Laurence, Norwich, 1452, Thos. Childes.

Sail, Norfolk, 1454, John Brigge.

Taplow, Bucks., 1455, John Manfeld.

Brampton, Norfolk, 1468, Robt. Brampton, Esq., and wife.

Lytchett Matravers, Dorset, c. 1470, Thos. Pethyn, priest.

Sedgefield, Durham, c, 1470, man and wife.

Upton, Bucks., 1472, Agnes Bulstrode, kn.

212 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

New College, Oxford, 1472, Thos. Flemyng, LL.B., Fellow.

Stifibrd, Essex, c. 14S0, a priest.

Baldock, Herts., c. 1480, man and wife.

Hitchin, Herts., £. 1480, man and wife,

Digswell, Herts., 1484, Wm. Robert and wife.

Sawbridgeworth, Herts., 1484, John Leventhorp, Esq., and wife.

Hitchin, Herts., 14S5, Elizth. Mattock.

Yozford, Suffolk, 1485, Tomesina Tendryng.

Lavenbam, Suffolk, i486, Thos. Spryng and wife.

Hitchin, Herts., e. 1490, man and wife.

Huosdon, Herts., 1495, Matg. Shelley.

Great Haseley, Oxon., 1497, Wm. L^nthall.

Aylsham, Norfolk, 1499, Rich. Howard and wife.

Joan Mareys is a demi-figure, and holds a heait in her hands
(cf. p. 310), as do the Leventhorps at Sawbridgeworth. The Mai^ate
and Norwich brasses are both of skeletons
without shrouds. The rest are shrouded
figtires at full length, and, for the most
part, of small size, in winding-sheets knot-
ted above the head and at the feet. The
outline figure of William Robert, illustrated
from the brass at Digswell, is a very
average specimen, and measures 36; inches.
He was " quodm Auditor Epatus Wyntoii."
Women are distinguished by their long
hair, and priests by the tonsure. The
inscription at Sail is worth giving, as 1)eing
not only curious in itself, but suggesting
the motive with which such brasses were
laid down, because, as Cotman observes,
" it was wished to remind men that the
. Tobes of pride will shortly be exchanged

' for the winding-sheet, and that beauty and

SHKOLTDBD FIGURE OF strength are hastening to the period when

WILLIAM ROBERT, 1484 , -„ , . 1. ,

DIGSW.LL, HERTFOBD- "^^V ^^ bccomc as the spectre before
suiRE them."

" Here lyth John Brigge Undir this Mubil ston
Wbos sowle our iorde ibu hnue laeicy upon
For in this worlde wotthyly h« Itued many a day
And bete his bodi yt berried and cowched Undir clay

SHROUD BRASSES 213

So frendis fre whateuer ye be pray for me y yow pray
As ye me se in soche degre So schall ye be a nothir day."

The same idea is expressed more plainly, and even offensively,
ih six Latin verses at Sawbridgeworth, which belong to the shrouded
figures there, but have been separated from them, and placed upon a
neighbouring wall. The words are here given from notes by Mr.
Andrews of Hertford —

" En jacet hie pulvis putredo vermis et esca
Est Famulus mortis nam vita jam caret ista
Hie nil scit nil habet nee virtUs inde relucet
Cerne luto vilius horror terror fetor orbis
Opprobrium cunctis ac est abjeccio plebis
Hie Frater aspice te spira suffiragia p me."

At Lavenham, Suffolk, the brass is mural in the vestry, which is
stated to have been built by the Thos. Spryng commemorated, *' qui
hoc vestibulu fieri fecit in vita sua." The whole family — the hus-
band, with four sons behind him, and the wife, with six daughters —
are represented as rising from tombs, an interesting variation of the
ordinary shroud brass.

From the year 1500 to the death of Henry VHI. shroud brasses
are more numerous, especially in the county of Norfolk, where the
local engravers seem to have especially adopted them.

Clifton Reynes, Bucks., c, 1500, man and wife.

Sawston, Cambs., c. 1500, man and wife.

Great Fransham, Noifolk, c. 1500, a lady.

Purton Latimer, Northants., c. 1500, a lady.

Oddington, Oxon., c. 1500, Ralph Hamsterley, priest.

Lowestoft, Suffolk, c, 1500, two persons.

Watlington, Oxon., 1501, Wm. Gibsson and wife.

Little Horkesley, Essex, 15021 Kath. Leventhorp.

Bawburg, Norfolk, 1505, Thos. Tyard, S.T.B., priest.

Kirby Bedon, Norfolk, 1505, Wm. Dussyng and wife.

Childrey, Berks., 1507, Joan Strangbon.

Aylsham, Norfolk, 1507, Thos. Wymer.

Ilton, Somerset, 1508, Nich. Wadham.

Minchinhampton^ Glos., c. 15 10, John Hampton, gent., and wife.

West Molesey, Surrey, c. 15 10, man and wife.

Cley, Norfolk, 15 12, John Symondes and wife.

Bodiam, Sussex, 15 13, Wm. Wetherden, priest.

St. Michael Coslany, Norwich, 15 15, Hen. Scolows and wife.

Stoke d^Abemon, Surrey, 15 16, Elyn Bray.

214 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Appleton, Berks., 1518, John Goodryngton, gent.

Homcastle, Lines., 15 19, Sir Lionel Dymoke.

Great Berkhamstead, Herts., 1520, Kateryne Incent.

Childrey, Berks., c. 1520, man and wife.

Woobum, Bucks., c, 1 520, man and wife.

Southfleet, Kent, c, 1520, Thos. Cowrll.

Fincham, Norfolk, c. 1520, a lady.

Frenze, Norfolk, c, 1520, Thos. Hobson.

Weybridge, Surrey, c. 1520, three skeletons.

Fulham, Middlesex, 1529, Marg. Hornebolt, demi.

Biddenham, Beds., c, 1530, man and wife.

Hildersham, Cambs., c, 1530, a man.

Homsey, Middlesex, c. 1530, John Skevington, child.

Ketteringham, Norfolk, c. 1530, John Colvyle, child.

Corpus Christi College, Oxford, c. 1530, John Claimond, president.

Edgmond, Salop., 1533, Francis Younge, Esq.

Penn, Bucks., 1540, Elizth. Rok.

Wiveton, NorfoUc, c. 1540, a man.

Newington-juxta-Hythe, Kent, 1541, Thos. Chylton.

Wigston's Hospital, Leicester, 1543, Wm. Fyssher, master.

Loddon, Norfolk, 1546, Sir Thos. Sampson and wife.

By way of additional horror, in one of the above brasses, that
at Oddington, the body is accompanied by devouring worms. At
Childrey, c. 1520, the husband and wife are seen rising from tombs,
as in the earlier brass at Lavenham, and the repulsiveness of death is
lost in resurrection. But actual burial is the prevalent idea, and we
have another curious example of the expression of it in a little label
or scroll which is placed between the two figures at Cley, Norfolk,
and inscribed with the words " Now thus."

The Homcastle brass is a rare instance of the double representa-
tion so common in contemporary monuments of stone. Sir Lionel
Dymoke is first seen in armour, kneeling on a cushion, in a small
plate evidently by a goldsmith or engraver of copper plates for books,
inserted in a slab affixed to the wall, with label, inscription, and
coats-of-arms. On the pavement below he appears again, in his
shroud, with two scrolls and a second inscription of six Leonine
verses.

A few later brasses will bring the list to a close —

Aldenham, Herts., 1547, Lucas Goodyere.
Waddesdon, Bucks., 1548, Hugh Brystowe, priest.

SHROUD BRASSES

Shipton-under-Wychwood, Oxon., 1548, Eliith. Hornc.

Chicheley, Bucks., c. 1560, a man.

Handborough, Onon., 1567, Alex. Bebyre.

Leigh, Kent, c. ijSo, a lady.

Church Brampton, Noithants., 158;, Jone Furnace.

St. Michael-at-Plea, Norwich, 1588, Barbara Ferrer.

Cassington, Oxon., TS90, Thos. Nele,

Ufford, Suffolk, 1S98, Rich. Ballett.

Haversham, Bucks., 160;, John Maunsell, gent.

Crondall, Hants., 1631, John Eager.

liirstall, Torks., 1632, Elizth. Popeley.

Stowmarket, Suffolk, 1638, Ann Tyrell, child.

West Firle, Sussex, 1638, Lady Maiy Howard.

Donston, Norfolk, 1649, wives of Clere Talbot.

Bawburgh, Norfolk, 1660, Philipp Tenison, S.T.P.

All of these except the first two and
the last four are mural, quadrangular plates,
and are intended to be pictorial in design.
At Shipton, Chicheley, and Handborough
the shrouded figures are recumbent. At
Leigh a shroud lies in a tomb, and the
Udy is being summoned to her resurrection
by an archangel. Several of the rest are
skeletons, and one of them, at St. Michael-
at-Plea, is seen rising from a small tomb,
on which there is a merchant's mark, and
above it the words, "Ecce quod eris."
In the Dunston brass the two shrouded
wives are on either side of a husband in
civil costume, and the inscription and
shields are not of brass, but cut into the
stone. The little illustrated figure at
Bawburgh, only 14 inches high, is of the
same type.

CHAPTER IX

BRASSES IN THE TUDOR PERIOD

Henry VI L 1485-1509
Henry VIII. 1509-1547

IT is difficult for the student of brasses to realize that
Grocyn was delivering his Greek lectures in Oxford as
early as the year 1491, Colet his on the Epistles of St
Paul in 1497, and that England was already being stirred to
the depths by the new learning. For of this there is no trace
to be found in brasses, which continue steadily to deteriorate
in workmanship and beauty. The mediaeval arts, in fact, were
dying, to make room for others which were brought into
England by the Renaissance, and brass- engraving was going
the way of architecture and of much besides. And yet, while
declining in quality, brasses were becoming more numerous
than ever before. Just about 1000 figure-brasses precede the
accession of Henry VII. The Tudor period alone, to the
death of Henry VIII., has 1 100 more, some 430 being assigned
to the reign of Henry VII. and 670 to that of his son.

In all this mass of material there is much to interest if
not always to admire, and there is very great variety, both of
subject and treatment. A large number of Tudor brasses
have already been considered in earlier sections, as in the
appendices to the last two chapters, and in the chapter on
the mediaeval clergy. But much still remains.

Military figures, as usual, take the first place in importance,

and of these there are about 220,-80 in the first part of the

216

BRASSES IN THE TUDOR PERIOD 217

period, and 140 in the second. For a few years the armour
remains the same as that worn in the Wars of the Roses, but
before the close of the century there had come a complete
change. Its first signs, and these begin immediately, are
more in style than actual equipment. The head is still
almost invariably bare, and the hair, which had been close-
cropped, is now worn longer, until it reaches the neck, and
sometimes falls upon the shoulders. The sword had been
hung in front of the body during the Yorkist period, and
previously to that had been figured perpendicularly at the left
side ; it is now usually suspended behind the body instead of
in front, with the hilt projecting on the left. The recumbent
attitude is now almost wholly abandoned, and the figures
stand upon a ground of grass, leaves, and flowers, and are
turned a little sideways, husbands towards their wives, single
figures usually to the left With great incongruity and lack
of perception, a helm with crest and mantling still appears
occasionally behind the head, especially in tabard brasses,
although in all other respects a man may be obviously in an
erect posture. Figures are seldom more than 3 feet in height,
and canopies are so rare that there are probably not more
than a score of any consequence in the whole range of the
period. In connection with military brasses, triple canopies
occur at Winwick, Lancashire, 1492 ; Hunstanton, Norfolk,
1506 (cf. p. 45) ; and Wyvenhoe, Essex, 1507 ; double canopies
at Ashby St. Legers, Northants., 1494; Ardingley, Sussex,
1504; Hillingdon, Middlesex, 1509 (cf. p. 224) ; Little Wen-
ham, Suffolk, 1514; and Ashbourn, Derbyshire, 1538. The
crockets are usually very heavy, and recurved towards the
pediment, the soffit of which is often destitute of cusping.
The centre of the pediments, at Hillingdon and elsewhere,
is occupied by a large rose, and groining is drawn below the
soffit, in this instance behind cusps which each terminate in
a bunch of three balls.

Where high tombs are, used, with stone canopies against

2i8 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

a wall, it becomes a practice to insert mural brasses in the
panel at the back. In these the figures are represented as
kneeling to desks or faldstools, and children are marshalled
behind their parents instead of below them, as in other brasses.

Small quadrangular plates constitute another type of
brasses, more or less pictorially engraved, and also mural.
They become more and more frequent as the sixteenth century
advances, and must not be confounded with brasses of foreign
workmanship. An interesting and early example is illustrated
by the small plate at St George's Chapel, Windsor, which
commemorates Robert Honywode, LL.D., Archdeacon of
Taunton and Canon of St George's, who died in 1522. Its
size is only 24 by 17 inches, and the entire surface is engraved.
The Blessed Virgin, crowned and sceptred, is seated upon a
throne with the Holy Child in her arms. To her the kneeling
canon, supported by his patroness St Catherine, cries, " Virgo
tuu natu p me p'cor ora beatu." The general spirit and
treatment of this piece of work should be compared with that
of two brasses in St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, to two of
its sixteenth-century deans, which also belong to this period.
The first is to Robert Sutton, 1528, and the second to Geoffrey
Fyche, 1537. Both kneel at desks, like Honywode, and both
are vested, like him, in surplice and almuce. The plates are
pictorial, and in the second there is an altar, with a painted
altar-piece of the Blessed Virgin and the dead Christ.

But we must return to the military brasses. At Bosworth
Field, and for a few years afterwards, the armour worn included
the heavy double pauldrons and large elbow-pieces, the short
skirt of taces, with tuilles attached, and sharply-pointed
sollerets. In a typical Tudor suit the following changes are
to be noticed. The pauldrons are single, and are fitted with
high passe-gards to protect the neck from sidelong blows, the
left side being the more carefully guarded. Placates and
demi-placates are omitted, and the cuirass is frequently
brought to a tapul edge in front. The taces are still few and

p wrNDSOR, 1523

220 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

short, and tuilles, smaller than before, are strapped below
them. But a regular skirt of chain mail is now added, and
reaches halfway down the thighs, beyond the furthest points
of the tuilles. This is, perhaps, the most characteristic piece
of equipment Genouilli^res have very small plates above
and below, but a lai^e back piece. The pointed sollerets are
exchanged for large sabbatons with squared or rounded toes,
another distinctive feature. The mail skirt seems to have
been a decided improvement, and to have allowed a freer use
of the lower limbs. In other respects the Tudor armour
appears smoother, rounder, and heavier, less mobile, and less
apt for real campaigning than that which preceded it. The
handsome flutings and indented margins, the extreme ex-
aggerations of elbow-guards and shoulder-pieces were gone,
and with them much of the angulated, defensive mannerisms
of the Wars of the Roses ; but with them went also much of
the grace peculiar to the armour of the third quarter of the
fifteenth century. Mr. Starkie Gardner has suggested that,
as the following century advanced, the modifications tending
to this result may have been in a large degree due to the
personal tastes of the three great monarchs of Europe. Maxi-
milian and Henry VIII. preferred at heart the pomp and
pageantry to the realities of war; while the classic bias of
Francis I. banished all Gothic feeling so far as his personal
influence extended. The short-waisted, podgy, globular breast-
plate, the stolid limb-pieces, rounded knee caps, and strikingly
splay-footed sabbatons, appear as if invented to altogether
banish the very idea of agility, if not of movement, and contrast
in the strongest manner with the lithe and supple-looking
armour of the Beauchamp effigy.

A striking example of the suddenness of the change, as
it appears in brasses, may be seen in the church of Houghton
Conquest, Beds., where there are two figures of the same
personage, separated only by an interval of seven years. The
first is in a brass upon an altar tomb in the chancel to " Johes

BRASSES IN THE TUDOR PERIOD 221

Conquest arcnig' nup dns de houghton et RicQs Conquest
Alius & heres eiusde Johis ac Isabella uxor eius," and was laid
down at the death of Isabella in 1493.

The second (cf. illustration) commemorates " Ricus Coquest
Armiger et Elizabeth uxor eius," and was placed at Richard's
death in 1500. In the one he is in full Yorkist armour, like

222 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

that of Sir Thos. Stathum (illustration, p. 193), and of Robert
Ingylton (illustration, p. 184) in the other in Tudor.

A few military brasses of the time are given as examples,
the earlier in the one style, the later in the other, with many
illustrating transitional forms, especially in the evolution of
the mail skirt and the sabbatons.

ThanningtoD, Kent, 1485, Thos. Halle, Esq.

I^tton^ £ssex, c, 1485, John Bohun, Esq., and wife.

Lullingstone, Kent, 1487, Sir Wm. Pecche.

Strelley, Notts., 1487, Sir Robt Strelly and wife.

North Mimms, Herts., T488, Hen. Covert.

Stokesby, Norfolk, 1488^ Edm. Clere, Esq., and wife.

West Harling, Norfolk, c. 1490, Wm. Berdewell, Esq., and wife.

Chedzoy, Somerset, c, 1490, unknown.

Carshalton, Surrey, c, 1490, Nich. Gaynesford, Esq., and wife.

Lillingstone Dayrell, Bucks., 1491, Paul Dayrell, Esq., and wife.

Catterick, Yorks., 1492, Wm. Burgh, Esq., and wife.

Houghton Conquest, Beds., 1493, John Conquest, Esq., wife and

son.
Kedlestone, Derbs., 1496, Rich. Curzon and wife.
St Michael Penkevil, Cornwall, 1497, John Trenowyth, Esq.
Floore, Northants., 1498, Thos. Knaresbrught, Esq., and wife.
Merstham, Surrey, 1498, John Newdegate, Esq.
Fairford, Glos., 1500, John Tame, Esq., and wife.
Swansea, Glamorgan, c, 1500, Sir Hugh Johnys and wife.
Little Braxted, Essex, 1503, Wm. Roberts, Esq., and two wives.
Blisworth^ Northants., 1503, Roger Wake, Esq., and wife.
Ardingley, Sussex, 1504, Rich. Culpepyr, Esq., and wife.
Westminster Abbey, 1505, Sir Humfrey Stanley.
East Grinstead, Sussex, 1505, Sir Thos. Grey and Rich. Lewkener,

Esq.
Wootton-Wawen, Warw., 1505, John Harewell, Esq., and wife.
Ashover, Derbs., 1507, Jas. RoUeston and wife.
Wyvenhoe, Essex, 1507, Wm. Viscount Beaumont.
Iver, Bucks., 1508, Rich. Blount, Esq., and wife.
Yealmpton, Devon, 1508, Sir John Crokker.

The Wyvenhoe brass is probably the finest of all these.

BRASSES IN THE TUDOR PERIOD 223

Lord Beaumont's armour throughout is characteristic, very
good of its style, and well expressed. His head rests upon
his helm with mantling, wreath, and lion crest, and his feet
against the Beaumont badge, an elephant with howdah on
its back. The badge is also several times repeated upon the
border fillet. There is a good triple canopy, and also super-
canopy — a quite unusual feature at this period.

Another fine brass, with double canopy, is that at Hilling-
don, which must head the second section of Tudor military
brasses. It commemorates John, Lord le Strange, lord of
Knocking, Mahun, Wasset, Warnell, Lacy, and Colham, and
his wife Jagnette, or Jacquetta, sister of Elizabeth Woodville,
Queen of England, and was laid down in 1 509 by their only
daughter Joan, whose very small effigy is inserted between her
parents. The canopy is nearly perfect, and a Tudor rose occu-
pies the centre of each pediment — a feature repeated in several
other brasses. In most of the military effigies of this period it
is usual for there to be either two or four tuilles strapped over
the mail skirt. In this instance there are three, one being
very awkwardly placed at the centre of the body. The same
arrangement is found in a few other examples, as at Fawsley,
Northants., to Sir Edmund and Lady Knyghtleye, a brass
dated 1557, but more probably engraved much earlier, in
c. 1495, with signs of the earlier transition from Yorkist to
Tudor.

From this time to the end of the reign of Henry VIII.
there is little variation, and the examples are of the one type
only —

Hillingdon, Middlesex, 1509, John, Lord le Strange and wife.
Great St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, London, 15 10, John Leventhorp,

Esq.
Over, Cheshire, c. 15 10, Hugh Starky, Esq.
Coughton, Warw., c. 15 10, Sir Geo. Throkmorton and wife.
Shottesbrooke, Berks., 151 1, Rich. Gyll, Esq.
Wrotham, Kent, 1513, Thos. Pekham, Esq., and wife.

BRASSES IN THE TUDOR PERIOD 225

Luton, Beds., 1513, John Ackworth, Esq., and two wives.

Wybunbury, Cheshire, 15 13, Ralf Dellvys and wife.

Great Chart, Kent, 15 13, John Toke, Esq., and two wives.

Great St Helen's, Bishopsgate, 15 14, Robt. Rochester, Esq.

Little Wenham, Suffolk, 15 14, Thomas Brewse, Esq., and wife.

Dauntsey, Wilts., 1514, Sir John Danvers and wife.

Bromham, Wilts., 15 16, John Baynton, Esq.

Upton, Bucks., 1517, Edw. Bulstrode, Esq., and two wives.

Ewelme^ Oxon., 15 18, Thomas Broke, Esq., serjeant-at-arms, and

wife.
Tiltey Abbey, Essex, 1520, Gerald Danet, Esq., and wife.
Cople, Beds., c. 1520, Thomas Gray and wife.
Heythorpe, Oxon., 1521, John Ascliefeld, Esq., and wife.
Kimpton, Hants., 1522, Robt. Thomburgh, Esq., and two wives.
Cossington, Somerset, 1524, John Brent, Esq., and wife.
Alvechurch, Wore., 1524, Philip Chatwyn, gent, usher.
Great Hampden, Bucks., c. 1525, John Hampden, Esq., and wife.
Lanteglos-by-Fowey, Cornwall, c, 1525, John Mohun, Esq., and wife.
Crosthwaite, Cumberland, 1527, Sir John Ratclif and wife.
Shotesham St. Mary, Norfolk, 1528, Edw. Whyte, Esq., and wife.
Kinver, Staffs., 1528, Sir Edw. Grey and two wives.
Boughton Malherbe, Kent, 1539, Sir Edw. Wotton and wife.
Cobham, Kent, 1529, Sir Thos. Brooke, Lord Cobham, and wife.
Great Omiesby, Norfolk, 1529, Sir Robt. Clere.
Liddington, Rutland, 1530, Edw. Watson, Esq., and wife.
Yetminster, Dorset, 1531, John Horsey, Esq., and wife.
Broxbourne, Herts., 1531, John Borell, serjeant-at-arms.
Northill, Beds., 1532, Sir Nich. Harve.
Compton Verney, Warw., 1536, Rich. Verney, Esq., and wife.
Hever, Kent, 1538, Sir Thos. BuUen, K.G.
Taplow, Bucks., 1540, Thos. Manfeld, Esq., and two wives.
Clovelly, Devon, 1540, Robt. Cary, Esq.
ToUeshunt Darcy, Essex, 1540, Anth. Darcy, Esq., J.P.
Addington, Surrey, 1540, Thos. Hatteclyff, Esq.
Atherington, Devon, c, 1540, Sir Arthur Basset and two wives.
Harefield, Middlesex, c, 1540, Geo. Assheby, Esq., and wife.
Charwelton, Northants., 1541, Thos. Andrewes, Esq., and wife.
Middle Claydon, Bucks., 1542, Roger Gyffard and wife.
Flitton, Beds., 1545, Harry Gray.
Q

226 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

St Columb Major, Cornwall, 1545, Sir John Anindell and two

wives.
ScriYekby, lines., 1545, Sir Robt Djmoke.
Hacknej, Middlesex, 1545, John Lymsey, Esq.
St Mary's, Lambeth, Surrey, 1545, Thos. Clere, Esq.
All Hallows Barking, London, 1546, William Thinne, Esq., and wife.

A noticeable feature of the inscriptions is that they are
often more full than heretofore, and that there are now a
considerable number of office-bearers about the court. Sir
John Crokker, for instance, was " Ciphorarius ac Signifer " to
Edward IV. ; John Leventhorp was " Hostiarius " of the
Chamber to Henry VH. ; Richard Gyll was Squire and
Serjeant of the Bakehouse to Henry VIL and Heniy VIIL ;
Robert Rochester was Serjeant of the Pantry to Henry VIIL
Such officers of the court are often indicated by a chain
hung about the neck. While the inscriptions are most
usually placed at the feet of effigies, the marginal inscription
is still used, especially upon raised tombs. But the evange-
listic symbols begin to be omitted, and personal emblems,
or shields of arms, occasionally take their place, as in the
brass of Sir Thomas and Lady Brooke, at Cobham.

The ladies are of a type as fixed as that of their husbands.
The butterfly head-dress continues and disappears with the
Yorkist armour, and is then replaced by the pedimental or
kennel headdress, which is worn almost without variation for
the rest of the period. It is brought to a stiff point above
the forehead, carried back a little way like the roof of a
kennel, and has long side lappets of velvet and embroidery.
In the earlier examples these are often pinned up, but more
usually they fall upon the shoulders. The accompanying
dress is close-fitting, with a square collar and turned-back fur
cuffs, while a belt or girdle is loosely clasped in front of the
body, and has a long pendent, to which is attached a tassel or
pomander or other ornament. These matters may be noted
in the ladies illustrated on pp. 221, 229, 232. Elizabeth

BRASSES IN THE TUDOR PERIOD 227

Conquest and Joan Hatche show the side view of the pedi-
mental head-dress, and Elizabeth Shelley the ornamental
lappets at full face. Occasionally, and this again in the
earlier examples, the sleeves of the dress are handsomely
quilted, and terminate in small frills, and a heavier over-sleeve,
lined with fur, is turned back to the elbow. Mantles are not
often worn, unless they are heraldically emblazoned, but
occur in a few instances. One of the most interesting of
these is in a canopied brass at Cobham, 1506, to Sir John
Brooke, whose effigy is lost, and Lady Mai^aret his wife.
Quatrefoiled circles in the centres of the two pediments
contain small rayed shields, charged with the Instruments of
the Passion and the Five Wounds. A square panel bearing
a representation of the Holy Trinity is suspended from the
central canopy-shaft. Eighteen children appear upon a single
plate below and within the very clumsy side shafts, and there
are four shields of arms and a marginal inscription in raised
letters. Two other ladies have canopies — Anne, widow of
Sir David Phelip, at Chenies, Bucks., 15 10, lady of the
manors of Thomo and Isenhampstead, holding a heart with
two scrolls, and Lady Elizth. Scroope, second wife of John
de Vere, Earl of Oxford, and widow of William, Viscount
Beaumont, I537> at Wyvenhoe, Essex, in a coronet and
heraldic mantle, with both triple canopy and super-canopy
and a mutilated marginal inscription.

A feature of the time, or rather one that begins at this
time, is the pourtrayal of infant children, either separately or
with their parents, and wrapped in chrysoms. Babies were
brought to the font when only a few days' old. As soon as
the baptismal formula had been pronounced and the children
baptized, the priest was instructed to place upon them a white
robe, and this was called the chrysom, because immediately
afterwards they were anointed with oil, the holy chrism,
according to the forms prescribed. The robe was worn until
the mother came to church for her purification, and then

228 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

was returned to the priest, together with her accustomed
ofTerings.

A chrysom child in a brass will therefore properly be one
that has died in the interval between its christening and the
purification of the mother, and such are now met with, either
by themselves or in the arms of their mothers, or amongst
other children accompanying or below the parents. The robe
is invariably confined in long swaddling bands wound about
the body.

Children alone are found, for example, at Rougham,
Norfolk, 1 510; Stoke d'Abemon, Surrey, 1516; and Chesham
Bois, Bucks., c. 1520. At Cranbrook, Kent, r. 1520, and at
Birchington, in the same county, a chrysom child is placed
at the side of its father and its mother respectively, and the
latter, which is mutilated, is marked with a cross upon the
breast. The Stoke d'Abemon baby has one over its forehead.
Examples in later periods are found at Pinner, Middlesex,
1580; Aveley, Essex, 1583; Edgeware, Middlesex, 1599;
Great Chesterford, Essex, 1600 ; Upper Deal, Kent, 1606 ;
Lavenham, Suffolk, c, 1630 ; Odiham, Hants., 1636, and else-
where. Anne Asteley, 1512, at Blickling, Norfolk, holds two
chrysom children in her arms, and there are later brasses of
the same type, usually of women who died in childbirth.

Heraldic brasses such as that of Lady Scroope, and of
men in tabards-of-arms over their body armour, may be said to
be another feature of the Tudor period, and certainly not the
least interesting. Though they are numerous, they are not so
greatly so but that it is possible and useful to give a list which
will be nearly complete for the two reigns. The brass at
Clapham (cf. illustration) may be taken as a typical example.
Shelley's armorial bearings are repeated, as always, upon the
sleeves of his tabard, as well as emblazoned above his head.
The wife is stated to have been daughter and heir of John
Michilgrove of Michilgrove, Esq., and of course bears his
arms upon her mantle impaled with those of her husband.

230 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

The small object between the upper shields is a representation
of the Holy Trinity, but very much worn and defaced
Tabard brasses are therefore found as follows : —

Lambouro, Berks^ c, 1485, John Estbury, Esq.

Sherborne St. John's, Hants., 1488, Bernard Brocas, Esq., kneeling.

Winwick, Lanes., 14929 Peers Gerard.

Ashby St. Legers, Northants., 1494, Wm. Catisby, Esq., and wife.

Milton-next-Sittingbourae, Kent, 1496, John Norwood, £sq.,and wife«

Ketteringham, Norfolk, 1499, Thos. Heveningham, Esq., and

wife, kn.
Tidmarsh, Berks., c. 1500, Robt. Leyneham, Esq.
Hathersage, Derbs., c 1500, an Eyre and wife.
Ingrave, Essex, c, 1500, John Fitz-Lewis and four wives.
Ormskirk, Lanes., c. 1500, Jas. Scarisbrick, Esq.
Ashby St. Legers, Northants., c, 1500, a Catesby, kn.
Laycock, Wilts., 1501, Robt. Baynard, Esq., and wife.
Impington^ Cambs., 1505, John Burgoyn, Esq., and wife.
Hunstanton, Norfolk, 1506, Sir Roger le Strange.
Aspenden, Herts., 1508, Sir Robt. Clyfibrd and wife.

Barrowby, Lines., 1508, Margaret Deene.

Bolton-by-Bolland, Yorks., 1509, Hen. Pudsey, Esq., and wife, kn.

Swinbrook, Oxon., 15 10, Anth. Fetyplace, Esq.

Wilne, Derbs., 15 13, Hugh Wylloughby, Esq., son and wife.
Shillingford, Devon, 15 16, Sir Wm. Hudders6eld and wife.

Fawsley, Northants., 15 16, Thos. Knygbtley, Esq., and wife.

March, Cambs., 15 17, Anth. Hansart and wife, kn.

Eastington, Glos., 15 18, Elizth. Knevet.

Ewell, Surrey, 1519, Lady Jane Iwarby, kn.

Merton, Norfolk, 1520, Wm. de Grey, Esq., and two wives.

Roydon, Essex, 152 1, John Colt, Esq., and two wives.

Blewbury, Berks., 1523, Sir John Daunce and wife.

Finchingfield^ Essex, 1523, John Bemers, Esq., and wife.

Puddletown, Dorset, 1524, Christopher Martyn, Esq., qd. pL

Kenton, Suffolk, 1524, John Garneys, Esq., and wife, kn., qd. pi*

Wrotham, Kent, 1525, Reynold Pekham, Esq., and wife.

Clapham, Sussex, 1526, John Shelley, Esq., and wife.

Sawbridgeworth, Herts., 1527, Joan Leventhorpe.

Ightham, Kent, 1528, Sir Rich. Clement.

BRASSES IN THE TUDOR PERIOD 231

Chesterfield, Derbs., 1529^ Sir Godfrey Foljambe and wife.
Fairford, Glos., 1534; Sir Edm. Tame and two wives.
Marholm, Northants., 1534, Sir Wm. Fitzwillyams and wife.
St. Mary's, Lambeth, 1535, Lady Catherine Howard.
Great St Helen's, Bishopsgate, c. 1535, a lady.
Wyvenhoe, Essex, 1537, Lady Elizth. Scroope.
Ashboiim, Derbs., 1538, Francis Cockayne and wife.
Thame, Oxon., 1539, Sir John Clerk.

Cardington, Beds., c. 1540, Sir Wm. Gascoigne and two wives.
Stallingborough, Lines., 1541, Sir Wm. Ayscough and wife.
Cople, Beds., 1544, Sir Walter Luke and wife.
Aldbury, Herts., 1546, Sir Ralph Verney and wife.

Of civilians there are more than four hundred, though for
the most part they are neither attractive nor interesting. The
hair is worn long, and the short gown and bag sleeves give
place to a dress which is usually lined and edged with fur
and reaches to the feet. Its sleeves are wide, and it is loosely
confined at the waist by a girdle, from which commonly hang
a gypci&re or purse, and often a short rosary.

A less frequent type is illustrated in the brass of Henry
Hatche. " M'chunt adventurer late of this towne & lybertye
of ffaushm Jurat & one of the Barons of the fyve port* whyche
was during his lyfTe a grate benefactor to this churche," at
Faversham, Kent, 1533. His wife is in the pedimental head-
dress and corresponding gown.

Inscriptions are generally erratic in spelling, and when
poetry is indulged in, it is often strangely crude, considering
the general progress of learning. Canterbury, for instance,
was a city of no mean importance, and one would have ex-
pected its magistrates to be men of light and education. Yet
at St Mary Northgate there is a small rectangular brass of
local workmanship to one of its mayors, laid down c. 1540,
with the following ridiculous verses : —

" All ye that stand up pon mi corse
remem bar but lat raff brown I was
aldur man and mayu' of this cete
Jha a pon mi sowll have pete.'*

BRASSES IN THE TUDOR PERIOD 233

However, it must not be supposed that all Tudor epitaphs
are of such a character. A collection of them might easily
be formed in which there would appear many types, both good
and bad, quaint and beautiful. One other specimen must
here suffice, taken from a small plate at Ampthill, Beds.,
c. 1520, the only remaining portion of a brass which included
a seated figure of the Saviour, with pierced hands uplifted, at
the summit of a rainbow-shaped scroll —

" Maker of man o god in Trinite
That hast allone all thing in ordenftce
Fforyeve the trespas of my Jnvente
Ne thyke not Lord up on myn ignorance
Fforyeve my soule all my mysgovemfice
Bryng me to blisse where thow art etemall
Ever to joye with his aungeles celestiall."

Scrolls issuing from the mouths or hands of effigies are
frequent throughout the whole period, and are usually in-
vocatory. A remarkable instance occurs at Macclesfield,
Cheshire, 1506, in the brass of Roger Legh and his family,
the wife and daughters being lost The man's scroll bears
the words, *' A dampnacoe ppetua libra nos dne," and it seems
to be addressed to a picture of the Mass of St Gregory,
engraved upon a small oblong plate, in which the pope kneels
before an altar, and the figure of the Saviour rises behind a
chalice, transformed from the consecrated wafer. The whole
story is given in the Golden Legend, and was often depicted
in illuminated missals and mural paintings, but this is the
only instance where it is now found on a brass. Below the
'* Mass " is a declaration of pardon, as follows nT'' The pdon for
sayjing of v pater nost' | & v aues and a cred | is xxvi
thousand | yeres and xxvi | dayes of pardon." This is very
curious, and introduces a wide and somewhat obscure subject
Nor is this the only brass in which such pardons are offered,
for they are met with in several of the early French inscrip-
tions, as at Cobham, Kent, c. 1320 ; Hellesdon, Norfolk, 1370 ;
and Hurstmonceux, Sussex, 1402. It appears that these

234 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

pardons could be purchased from Rome, an example occurr-
ing in the will of William Marquis Berkeley, 1491, who was
buried in the church of the Austin Friars in London : " Also
I will that my exors shall purchase a pardon from Rome, as
large as might be, for plein remission of the sins of all those
who shall be confessed and contrite at Longbrigge " (where he
ordered a chsmtry to be founded for the souls of himself and
his family), " from evensong to evensong in the feast of the
Trinity, and there say pater-nosters and 3 aves for my soul,
and the souls aforesaid."

Mention of the "Mass of St. Gregory" reminds us that
religious emblems are common right down to the close of the
reign of Henry VIII., together with separate figures of saints
and scriptural representations, as of the annunciation or
resurrection. The Holy Trinity is frequently given, and is,
indeed, the most favoured symbol from a much earlier period.
It occurs at Pepper- Harrow, Surrey, 1487 ; Wormley, Herts.,
c, 1490 ; Sherborne St John's, Hants., 1492 ; Shirbum, Oxon.,
1493; Witney, Oxon., 1500; Great Tew, Oxon., c. 1500;
Childrey, Berks., 1507, 15 14, and c. 1520; Goodnestone, Kent,
1507; Floore, Northants., 15 10; Clothall, Herts., 1519;
Woobum, Bucks., r. 1520; Clapham, Sussex, 1526; Tiverton,
Devon, 1529 ; Beaumaris, Anglesea, r. 1530 ; Dauntsey, Wilts.,
^* 15359 Cheam, Surrey, 1542; Chacomb, Northants., 1543.
In these later Trinities the Father is usually crowned, or triply
crowned, and the crucifix between His knees rises from a
globe. His hands are raised in benediction, and the holy
dove hovers above the Saviour's head.

The Blessed Virgin less often appears. She may be seen
at Etwall, Derbyshire, 15 12, and Beaumaris, c. 1530.

A good example of the annunciation is at Fovant, Wilts.,
1492, in a curious memorial to George Rede, rector, who, in
a cassock and scarf, kneels upon a chequered pavement, in a
small rectangular plate, and supplicates the Blessed Virgin in
the following words, inscribed on a scroll : *' O blessid Modir

BRASSES IN THE TUDOR PERIOD 235

of pete pray to the sone for me," The Virgin, dressed in
kirtle, sideless cote-hardi and mantle, with flowing hair and
a wreath of roses, kneels at a large desk in the centre of the
composition, the pot of lilies standing behind her. The angel,
who is also kneeling, wears an alb and mantle, and holds a
scroll, " Ave gracia plena dns tecu." The holy dove in the
mean time is flying downwards from a cloud in the comer, and
the background is powdered with fleurs-de-lys and roses.

Another good annunciation appears at March, Cambs.,
1 5 17, above the kneeling figures of Anthony Hansart and his
wife Katherine, in heraldic dresses. Invocatory scrolls bear the
words, "Scannta Maria ora pro nobis" and "Sancta Virgo
Virginu ora p nabis." The Blessed Virgin is kneeling on a
cushion in front of a large chair, with a prayer-desk and an
open book at her side. The angel Gabriel kneels upon the
floor opposite, with a sceptre in his left hand. The lily springs
from a handled jug between them.

In another representation at Hereford Cathedral, 1524,
from a brass to William Porter, S.T.P., warden of New College,
Oxford, and Canon of Hereford, the figures occupy the centre
of a most inartistic renaissance canopy, with the lily in a large
two-handled vase in the middle. The angel stands, holding
his sceptre, and exclaiming, on a scroll, " AVE . GRACI . PLENA .
DNS . TECVM," while the Blessed Virgin looks back over her
shoulder from her prayer-desk, with the response, "ECCE.

ANCILA . DNI . FIAT . MICI . SCDM . VERBV."

There is a curious little adoration of the shepherds at
Cobham, Surrey, c, 1500. The resurrection has been noted
about ten times, and in two forms, either with or without the
guard of soldiers about the tomb. Of the first class there are
examples at Swansea, c. 1 500 ; Great Cotes, Lines., 1 503 ;
Cranley, Surrey, 1503; All Hallows Barking, c. 15 10;
Hedgerley, Bucks., 1540 (palimpsest) ; Narburgh, Norfolk,
1 545 ; and Slaugham, Sussex, 1 547.

That at Cranley is illustrated, from the brass of Robert

BRASSES IN THE TUDOR PERIOD 237

Hardyng and his wife, and shows four soldiers with bills and
halberds, with a very typical figure of the Saviour. But the
Swansea resurrection is probably the finest, and measures .
ir by 12 inches. It is part of the brass of "Sir Hugh Johnys
and dame Mawde his wife which s' Hugh was Made knight
of the holy sepulcre of oure lord ihij crist in the city of
Jerusalem the xiiii day of August the yere of oure lord gode
M' CCCCXLI And the said sir Hugh had cotynuyd in the

werris ther long tyme byfore by the space of fyve yer" that
is to sey Ageynst the Turkis and sarsyns in the p'tis of troy
grecie and turky under John y* tyme Emprowre of Con-
stantynenople." The Saviour steps out of the sepulchre with
his left foot, as at Cranley, unclothed, except for the loincloth
and a mantle thrown over the back and shoulders. In
addition to a nimbus on the head, the background is filled
with conventional flames of light radiating from the body.
His left hand, again, holds a tall cross, and the cross-marked
banner is suspended from it by a cord. Three soldiers are
sleeping. A fourth, who wears a rosette on his helmet, is
starting up and raising his halberd. The next, seated upright
in front, rests his head on his left gauntlet Yet another

238 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

soldier in front is curiously interesting in connection with the
account of the knight in the inscription, for he is evidently
intended to represent a Saracen. He is recumbent, with a
large scimitar at his left side and a spiked mace at his right.
All that is seen of the remaining soldier is the head with the
face concealed by the right hand ; he holds an arrow-headed
pike with a ring of spikes beneath it.

In other resurrections the lower part of the Saviour's form
is entirely hidden within the tomb, and He rises unclothed,
with hands uplifted, and no cross or banner. The best
example is at Burwell, Cambs., 1542, and occupies a niche at
the summit of a mutilated canopy. Other instances are at
Stoke Charity, Hants., 1482, and Stoke Lyne, Oxon., 1535.

APPENDIX (i)

The Edwardian and Marian Transition

Edward VI. i547-i5S3
QuKBN Mary, 1553-1558

During the few and troubled years of the reigns of Edward VI. and
Queen Mary there is a marked decline in the number of brasses laid
down. About thirty figure-brasses only are assigned to each reign,
or less than six per annum, and it would seem that the art of
monumental engraving was coming to an end. There are no signs
of the revival which was soon to commence. And yet the few
brasses of the period of Transition, if it may be called by that name,
are of some moment.

It would be interesting, at least during the Edwardian part of the
period, to trace the change in ecclesiastical dress from the historic
vestments to the civilian attire of the divines of the Reformation.
Unfortunately, though not unnaturally, the clergy are almost
entirely unrepresented. Hugh Brystowe, "parson," 1548, at Wad-
desdon, Bucks., is depicted in a shroud. John White, Warden
of Winchester College, and afterwards Bishop of Lincoln and

THE EDWARDIAN TRANSITION 239

Winchester, is in a cope ; and so is Thomas Magnus, '' panon," and
Archdeacon of the East Riding, 1550, at Sessay, Yorks. These are
all in the first reign. Queen Mary has two bishops, Goodryke of Ely,
1554 (cf. p. 115), and Bell of Worcester, 1556 (cf. p. 112), the latter
at St James', Clerkenwell, and both in full episcopal vestments,
with James Coorthopp, 1557, Dean of Peterborough, in an almuce,
at Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford. There is also a canon of
Windsor, in 1558, at Magdalen College, viz. Arthur Cole, S.T.B.,
President of the College, who wears the mantle of the Order of the
Garter, and here the brief list closes.

Men in armour are more numerous, and are of much interest,
for they plainly exhibit the transition from the Tudor to the
Elizabethan style. Examples are found as follows : —

Slaugham, Sussex, 1547, Rich. Covert, Esq^ and three wives.
Blatherwycke, Northants., 1548, Sir Humphrey Stafford and wife.
Shuckborough Superior, Warw., 1549, Tomas Shukburghc, Esq., and

wife.
Twyfbrd, Bucks., 1550, Thos. Giffard.
Dinton, Bucks., 1551, Rich. Grenewey, Esq.
Hitcham, Bucks., 155 1, Nich. Clarke, Esq.
St. Mellion, Cornwall, 155 1, Peter Coryton, Esq., and wife.
Chesham Bois, Bucks., 1552, Robt. Cheyne, Esq.
Easton Neston, Northants., 1552, Rich. Fermer, Esq., and wife.
Somerton, Oxon., 1552, Wm. Fermoure, Esq., and wife.
Great Hampden, Bucks., 1553, Sir John Hampden and two wives.
Charlwood, Surrey, 1553, Nich. Saunder, Esq., and wife.
Swallowfield, Berks., 1554, Christopher Lytkott, Esq., and wife.
Ludford, Hereford, 1554, Wm. Fox, Esq., and wife.
Cople, Beds., 1556, Robt. Bulkeley, Esq., and wife, qd. pi.
West Hanney, Berks., 1557, Humfrie Cheynie.
Fawsley, Northants., 1557, Sir Edm. Knyghtleye and wife.

The mail skirt has usually an indented edge, frills are worn at the
wrists, and the skirt of taces is divided at the lower part by an
arched opening between the tuilles. Shading is freely employed, and
the execution is altogether more feeble than before.

The ladies are variously attired, and the most notable feature in
their costume is that the pedimental headdress is now discarded*
In its place come the cap and bonnet, which are known as the Paris
head, and which are often specially associated with Mary Queen of

240 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Scots, as well as with Mary Tudor, and called by their names. The
hair is parted in front, and a close linen cap supports the bonnet,
which is often of velvet, and has a jewelled or otherwise ornamental
edge, generally of horseshoe shape, and projecting forward at each
side of the face* A lappet or kerchief hangs upon the neck and
shoulders behind. This head-dress continues throughout the reign
of Elizabeth. The collar of the gown is now thrown open at the
neck, which is covered by a gathered and sometimes frilled under-
bodice. The sleeves are puffed and slashed at the shoulders, and
a band encircles the waist^ from which hangs a long chain with a
mirror or other ornament at the end. A long cloak with false sleeves
is also worn at this period, open in front, but loosely caught together
in its upper half by a few small bows.

Men in armour still wear tabards-of-arms, and ladies heraldic
mantles, until the first few years of Elizabeth, after which they
entirely disappear. These last it may be well to include in the
following list, since they bring to a close a series which is of some
special interest.

Farringdon, Berks., 1547, Sir Alex. Unton and two wives.

Blewbury, Berks., 1548, John Latton, Esq., and wife.

Little Horkesley, Essex, 1549, Thos. Fyndome, Esq., John Lord

Mamay, and their wife.
British Museum, c, 1550, unknown, mutilated.
Beckenham, Kent, 1552, Sir Humfrey Style and two wives.
Chelsea, Middlesex, 1555, Lady Jane Guyldeford.
Etwall, Derbs., 1557, Sir John Porte and two wives.
Hathersage, Derbs., c, 1560^ Sir Arthur Eyre and wife.
Loddon, Norfolk, 1561, Henry Hobart, Esq.
Melbury Sampford, Dorset, 1562, Sir Gyles Strangwayes.
Strensham, Wore, 1562, Sir John Russell and wife.
Milton Abbey, Dorset, 1565, Sir John TregonwelL

Most of the late tabard brasses are small and poorly en-
graved. At Beckenham^ for instance, the mural figure of *'The
Ryght Woorshyppfull Syr Humfrey Style Knyght" is but i^^i
inches in height He is represented kneeling upon a tasselled
cushion set on a pavement, and facing his two la-inch wives,
whose arms, of Bauldry and of Perrin respectively, are impaled with
those of Style upon their mantles. In order to avoid mistake, the
arms are repeated upon large shields above each of the figures, and

THE EDWARDIAN TRANSITION 241

the black-letter inscription nins at full length beneath. As in so
many of the brasses of London and its neighbourhood, the tinal
clause, " Of whose sowles & all Chrysten Jesu have m'cy," has been
partially obliterated in order to save the memorial from puritanical
fury, though its wording can still be deciphered with a little care.

It may here be asserted that the Transition Period is essentially
one and not two, and that the brasses show no general distinction
between Edwardian and Marian. It is possible that the mural brass
of Edward Shelley, Esq., at Warminghurst, Sussex, 1554, provides a
fairly typical instance of the attitude of mind of a not inconsiderable
proportion of the people of England, in spite of the violence of
religious feeling. Shelley was one of the four Masters of the

242 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Household to Henry VIH., then to Edward VI., and continued in
his office without change under Queen Mary. Had he lived a few
years longer, he would probably have been just as happy with Queen
Elizabeth. The brass commemorates himself, his wife, and their
ten children.

APPENDIX (2)

Merchant Companies and their Arms

There are many brasses of the Tudor Period and later which display
the arms of the merchant and trading companies of England.
Usually such arms are placed upon single shields at the comers of
a slab in the ordinary way, or introduced into the composition of
quadrangular plates. Often, too, they are brought into connection
with merchants' marks, which are placed upon separate shields^ or
even in the same, as at St. John Maddermarket, Norwich. They
are also frequently combined with the corporate arms of towns and
cities.

Those which are most often met with are the arms of the
Merchant Adventurers or Hamburgh Merchants, incorporated 24
Edw. I., 1296. They are not, however, found on brasses until the
sixteenth century. The arms are these : Barry nebulke ofsix^ argent
and axure, a chief quarterly gules and or, on tfu 1st and 4M quarters a
lion passant gardant or, on the 2nd and yd two roses guUs barbed
vert. For an illustration, see the brass of Thomas Pownder, at
Ipswich, p. 96. Merchant Adventurers were usually members of a
particular trade company as well, and of these the Mercers are the
most in evidence. They were incorporated 17 Rich. 11. , 1394, and
bore Gules, a demi-virgin cauped below the shoulders, her hair dis-
hevelled, vested and crowned or, wreathed above the brows with roses
and issuing from an orle of clouds proper. The two coats are
constantly found together. Thus the well-known bracket brass to
John Terri and his family at St. John Maddermarket, 1524,
exhibits first, between the figures, the arms of Norwich, Gules, a
castle triple-towered argent, in base a lion of England; and below, an

MERCHANT COMPANIES 243

escutcheon composed of the initials and merchants' mark of John
Terri, with the arms in chief, first of the Merchant Adventurers, and
second of the Merceis Co. John Marsham, 1535, in the same
church, had a somewhat similar escutcheon, of which only the dexter
half remains, bearing his initials and mark, and the Merchant
Adventurers in chief. At St Andrew's, Norwich, the inscription
which alone remains to John Clark, alderman and mayor, iga?, had
three shields attached below, (i) initials and mark, (a) Merchant
Adventurers, {3) Mercers. Again, at Sl John Maddermarket, in
1558, Robert Rugge, alderman and mayor, has four escutcheons at

the corners of the slab, the first bearing his shield, with helm, crest
and mantling ; the second his arms, a chevron engrailed between 3
mullets ; the third his mark, and the fourth the Mercers' arms. At
Antingham, Norfolk, another combination of four shields appears in
a brass to Richard Calthorp, Esq., and family, 1363; the first the
Merchant Adventurers, the second Calthorp impaling Hastings
quartering Foliot, the third Calthorp, and the fourth the Mercers ;
the brass was laid down by Anthony Calthorp, Mercer, to the
memory of his parents. Amongst a number of other Mercers' brasses,
the following include the aims of the company : John Larobarde,
Alderman of London, Hinxworth, Herts., 1487 ; Thos. Hoore and
wife, Digswell, Herts., 1495; Wm. Thorpe and wife, Higham

244 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Ferrers, Northants., 1504; Alice Baldry, St. Mary Tower, Ipswich,
1506 (the Mercers' arms impaling the mark of Thomas BaUlry);
unidentified brasses at St. Olave's, Hart Street, 15 16, and Hillingdon,
Middlesex, c. 1570; Robert Barfott and wife, Lamboume, Essex,
1546, with initials and mark ; and Clement Newce and wife, Great
Hadham, Herts., 1582.

The Goldsmiths were incorporated in 1337, and bore GuUs^ a
kopar^s head or^ quartered with ature^ a covered cup between 2 buckles
of the second These may be seen at Sandon, Essex, r. 1510 ; Thorpe,
Surrey, 1583; Dachet, Bucks., 1593; Ufibrd, Suffolk, 1598, and
elsewhere. The last mentioned is at the top of a quadrangular plate
which bears a skeleton, nine verses, and an inscription to Richard
Ballett, describing him as ** first goldsmith of the Balletts in London."

The Skinners were incorporated in the same year, and had ermine
on a chief gules ^ ^princes crowns composed of crosses pcUtie and fleur-
de-lys or^ with caps of the first tasselled of the third. They appear on
the brass of Wm. Shosmyth, citizen and " pelliparius " of London,
and his wife, 1479, &^ Mereworth, Kent.

The Grocers, incorporated in 1346, had arms granted them only
in 1531, Argenty a chevron gules between 3 cloves sable. Thus, Myghell
Fox, citizen and grocer, of London, at Chacomb, Northants., whose
brass was engraved early in the century, has his mark and monogram,
and the arms of the City of London and of the Merchant Adven-
turers, but not those of the Grocers. They have not indeed been
noted until a century later, at Finchley, Middlesex, 16 10, and North
Walsham, Norfolk, 1625.

The Drapers come next, founded in 1332, incorporated 1364,
and with arms granted in 1439 — Azure^ 3 clouds proper radiated in
bascj each surmounted with a triple crown or. They are found in the
brass of Sir George Monox, Lord Mayor of London, and his wife,
i543> at Walthamstow, Essex, and also with the Merchant Adven-
turers, at Stone, Kent, 1574, to Robert Chapman. The inscription
here is a curious John-Gilpin-like jingle, and introduces the names
of the companies : —

Loc here he Lyeth That earst did Lyve, and Robert Chapman highte
To prove, by gods etemall dome that deathe wyll have his right
Owner of Stone Castell true what tyme he Lywed was he
Esquier, and Marchaunte venturer, of London Draper ffree

MERCHANT COMPANIES 245

His soule, wee hoope in Heaven dothe reste, thoughe Carcas Lye full Loe
Thus god appoints the righteouse Manne ; a fynall ende of woe
Whose monumente alofte dothe Stande, for every Man to viewe
Whereby Wee Leame, what brittle Steppes all Mortall men ensue.

The Haberdashers Company obtained a charter in 1447. The
arms granted them in 157 1 were Barry tubulU of six^ argent and
azure^ an a bend gtdes a Hon passant gardant or. They appear at
Faversham, Kent, c. T580, where there is an interesting series of
merchant brasses, with marks, and the arms of the Cinque Forts^
the City of London, and the Merchant Adventurers. They b^n
with Seman Tong, Baron of the Cinque Forts, 14 14, much mutilated,
under a canopy. Next comes Henry Hatche, Merchant Adventurer^
with his wife, 1533, under a double canopy with large roses in the
pediments (cf. illustration, p. 232). Then Richard Colwell, Mayor of
Faversham^ and two wives, also of the year 1533; the places of
evangelistic symbols at the corners of a mutilated marginal inscrip-
tion are here occupied by the device of a well, round which is
inscribed Ric h ard col. Another merchant, c, 1580, with mark
and initials s n b has lost his inscription, and the list is closed by
John Haywarde, mayor, 16 10.

South Mimms, Middlesex, has also a shield of the Haberdashers
Company, and another, a short time ago loose in the churchy with
arms of the £ast Land Company. This Company was incorporated
temp. Elizth. and bore the following arms : Or^ on the sea in base a
ship with 3 masts in full sail^ all proper ; pennants and efisigns argent^
charged with a cross gules ; on a chief of the last a lion passant gardant
of the first

The Merchant Tailors were twice incorporated, in 1466, and
again in 1503, and received two different grants of arms, in 1480,
and in 1586. In the original grant, made by Thomas Holme,
Clarencieux, they bore Argent^ a royal tent between 2 parliament robes
gules lined ermine^ the tent garnished or^ tent'Staff and pennon of the
last; on a chief azure a Holy Lamb set within a sun^ or. These
arms form part of the remains of the brass of Hugh Femberton,
1500, removed from the destroyed church of St Martin Outwich to
Great St. Helen's, Bishopsgate. In a second grant made by Robert
Cookej Clarencieux, a golden lion was substituted for tfie Holy
Lamb. It appears at St. Catherine's, Regent's Fark, four times in

246 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

the brass of Robert Coulthirst, 1631, at Kirkleatham, Yorks., and
again four times within a. border fillet in the brass of Richard
Fynche, 1640, at Dunstable, Beds.

ORIGINAL ARMS OF THE MBRCUANT TAILORS COMPANY, IJOO
GREAT ST. HBLEN's, BISHOFSGATB, LONDON

The Saltera, chartered in 1364, were incorporated in 1530, when
they had these arms granted to them, JW chevron azure and gules,
3 ifrinkUng-ialts argent. They occur in the well-known Flemish

brass of Andrew Evyngar, e. 1535, at All Hallows Barking, in
company with his matk, and the arms of the Merchant Adventurers.
In the similar brass of Thos. Fownder, at St Mary Quay, Ipswich,

MERCHANT COMPANIES 247

1535 (cf. illustration, p. 96), the town of Ipswich and the Merchant
Adventurers are arranged in the same way on either side of a mark.
The Fishmongers were a very ancient hody, consisting of two
companies, the Stock and the Salt Fishmongers. The arms of the
former were Azure^ a lucies in salHre argent^ with coronets over their
mouths or ; those of the latter, Azure, on a chief gules 3 pairs of keys ,
indorsed in saltire or. They are only known to occur at Wooburn,
Bucks., c, 1520.

The Ironmongers bore Argent, on a chevron gules 3 swivels or,
between 3 steel gads azure. They occur on the brass of John Carre,
citizen and Merchant Adventurer and his two wives, 1570, at
Stondon Massey, Essex, together with the arms of the City of
London and the Merchant Adventurers, and his own Merchant's
Mark.

There are in all twelve principal companies, the remaining two
being the Vintners and the Clothworkers. The arms of neither of
these have been noticed on brasses, but they may be given in order
to complete the series.

The Vintners, Sable, a chevron between 3 tuns argent.
The Clothworkers, Sable, a chevron ermine between 2 habicks in
chief argent, and a tezel in base slipped or.

The arms of other companies are occasionally found, as those
of the Stationers in the brass of John Daye, printer, and wife, 1584,
at Littie Bradley, Suffolk, of the Brewers, in 1592, at All Hallows
Barking, and of the Carpenters, in 1 619, at Horsell, Surrey.

The Brewers' arms are Gules, on a chevron argent between 3 pairs
of barley garbs in saltire or, 3 tuns sable, hooped or. The Stationers
are much more elaborate, and at the same time less scientific, viz.
Azure, on a chevron or, between 3 bibles lying fessways gules, garnished
leaved and clasped of the second, the clasps downwards ; an eagle rising
proper enclosed by 2 roses gules, seeded or, barbed vert; from the top of
tlu chief a demi-circle of glory edged with clouds proper ; therein a dove
displayed argent, over the head a circle of the last. The Carpenters'
arms form part of the brass of Thos. Edmonds, " citizen and car-
penter to the chamber and one of the four vewers of the City of
London," and his wife Ann ; — argent, a chevron between 3 pairs of
compasses expanded at the points sable. The chevron is sometimes
engrailed, but not so at Horsell. The arms are here associated with
those of the City of London.

248 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

It is to be noted in conclusion that slight errors are often made
in the engraving of arms. Thus, in the shields illustrated above, the
Salters' " Per dievron " is drawn reversed, and the tent royal of the

Merchant Tailors is surmounted by a cross pat^ instead of a pennon.
In the arms of the Staple of Calais on p. 170, it has already been
pointed out that the lion in chief ought to be gardant, but is not.

CHAPTER X

SPOLIATION OF THE MONASTERIES -PALIMPSEST

BRASSES

THERE are several historical facts and dates which
require to be noted and remembered if we would
fully understand the meaning of those brasses which
are called Palimpsests. Palimpsests are brasses which have
been twice used, old memorials being converted to fresh use,
either by utilizing the back for a new engraving, or by
alterations, additions, or simple appropriation. The name was
first suggested by the late Mr. Albert Way in the Arekath
logial yournalf and is taken from that of a class of ancient
manuscripts from which .the first writing has been erased, in
order to give place to other. As applied to brasses it is not
strictly accurate, and from time to time other words have been
proposed. But it is nevertheless convenient, and in common
use, and will be retained here.

The possibility of the existence of palimpsests has come
about in various ways, for although a brass is the least
destructible of all monuments, yet it may still be wantonly
broken or stolen by sacrilegious hands.

In the year 1523, at the instance of Cardinal Wolsey, and

for the purpose of endowing his colleges at Oxford and Ipswich,

two bulls were granted by the pope for the suppression of

certain alien priories and small monasteries to the number of

forty. Wolsey*s agent, Dr. Allen, was accused of precisely

the same sort of treatment of the monks as was afterwards

249

250 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

laid to the charge of Thomas Cromwell's commissioners.
Other religious houses followed. Then came the general Royal
Visitation, beginning October 1535, and ending towards the
close of 1538. The commissioners, Leighton, Leigh, London,
Ap-Rice, and Thornton, were utterly unscrupulous, and an
enormous amount of unauthorized robbery took place at once.
A bill of indictment against the monks, known to writers of
a later generation by the name of the Black Book, was laid
before Parliament. The history of the session is obscure, and
it is uncertain whether any special documents other than the
miscellaneous and lying reports of the commissioners were
brought forward. Whatever were the means employed, the
matter resulted in an Act of Suppression, passed February,
1536. By this Act all houses of monks, canons, and nuns
under the clear yearly value of ;f200 were "given to the
King's highness, his heirs and executors, for ever." The
churches were pulled down, and their materials and contents
sold, stolen, or destroyed, three hundred and seventy-six
houses being involved in this first great sweep.

It was in this year that the Brethren of the Charterhouse
were condemned for refusing to acknowledge the king's
supremacy. Three went to the gallows ; the rest were flung
into Newgate, chained to posts in a noisome dungeon, and left
to perish with gaol-fever and starvation.

Then came the Pilgrimage of Grace, after which twelve
abbots were hung, drawn, and quartered for alleged complicity
in rebellion, and in the summer of 1537 the visitors started
afresh to visit the remaining larger monasteries. Forced
resignation of abbeys went on apace during 1537 and 1538, so
that by the end of that year very few were left At the same
time, in 1538, orders were given to fling all relics from their
reliquaries, and to level every shrine with the ground. In
1539 was passed the second Act of Dissolution, which com-
pleted the ruin of the monasteries.

A few of the most beautiful abbey churches were either

SPOLIATION OF THE MONASTERIES 251

saved by private munificence, or by the king's grant, to serve
as parish churches, but the vast majority were completely
destroyed. And in the general wreck of monastic property
thousands of brasses found their way to the melting-pot, or to
the metal-workers shops.

In the autumn session of 1545, the king's necessities being
pressing, an Act was passed to confer upon him the property
of all colleges, free chapels, chantries, hospitals, fraternities
and guilds, to be sold or alienated for the king's use. His
death shortly afterwards prevented the immediate carrjang
out of this his last attempt at wholesale robbery. Nevertheless,
the Act was renewed in the same year, upon the accession of
Edward VI., and resulted in the suppression of more than two
thousand chantries and chapels, and one hundred and ten
hospitals. A commission was appointed on each occasion by
the Crown, and it is interesting to note that an Elizabethan
brass exists at Tisbury, Wilts., in memory of one of the
commissioners, Laurence Hyde, Esq., 1590. This man,
coming originally from Cheshire, was the first occupier, under
Sir Thomas Arundell, of the manor of West Hacche, a piece
of church property taken from the monastery of St Edward at
Shaftesbury. The brass has a mutilated marginal inscription,
and a rectangular plate which depicts Hyde, in a ruff and long
civilian's gown, standing with clasped hands in front of a Doric
arcade pierced with four windows, and accompanied by his
wife and ten children. There are no religious emblems of
any kind, but with his crest is a motto which is remarkably
significant of the destruction of the hopes of all those who in
past times had founded chantries "for ever" for the good of
their souls. It runs, " Everye man lyving in his beste estate
is alltogethir vanitye."

It is not to be supposed that even parish churches could
escape the spoiling of their goods. On March 3, 155 1, it
was ordered by the Privy Council " that for as muche as the
Kinge's Majestie had neede presently of a masse of mooney,

252 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

therfore Commissions shulde be addressed into all shires of
Englande to take unto the Kinge's handes suche churche plate
as remaigneth, to be emploied unto his highnes use." It is
unnecessary to go further. Brasses also were valuable, and so
were often the objects of royal theft or private greed, and vast
numbers must have disappeared at this time.

Fragments of some of them are found on the reverse side
of many later brasses laid down after those dates, for the loot
was frequently used instead of new sheets of metal.

With them, too, are found fragments of foreigjn brasses,
imported apparently from the Netherlands after the sack of
the churches there by the Calvinists in 1566. For this is
another date to be remembered, when, as Motley observes, for
the space of only six or seven summer days and nights, there
raged a storm by which all the treasures of the past were
destroyed. Nearly every church was rifled of its contents,
and hardly a province or town escaped. Many engraved brass
plates must afterwards have found their way to England, and
have been converted into Elizabethan brasses, although they
would not seem to have been very urgently needed, when
there was so much English monastic spoil already in the
workshops.

There was much destruction in France during the same time,
from 1562 to 1570, during the first three Religious Wars, and
a large proportion of the French churches were then completely
sacked by the Calvinists. But the brasses were few, and none
of them have with certainty been found in England. About
two hundred palimpsest brasses are known, including in-
scriptions, and have been carefully and fully described by Mr.
Mill Stephenson in the Transactions of the Monumental Brass
Society^ vol. iv., 1900-1903. His notes, it should be said, are
freely quoted in the following pages, and are remarkable for
their fulness and accuracy. Nearly half the palimpsests were
probably spoil from monasteries and chantries, and bear dates
later than the dissolution. About fifty more are cut from

SPOLIATION OF THE MONASTERIES 253

foreign brasses, chiefly Flemish and Dutch, and are nearly all
later than the year of the sack of the Netherland churches.
The remainder have to be accounted for in other ways. Not
all, however, can now be examined upon both sides, and
in most instances it is only by chance that their palimpsest
character has become known at all. For as long as a brass
remains undisturbed, it can bear only the evidence upon its
face. It is by accidentally becoming loose, or by being forcibly
taken from their matrices, that palimpsests are discovered, and
there are doubtless many which have never been moved.
Wherever a superiority of material is noticed in later brasses,
in thickness and quality, there will, however, be a probability of
re-use, since Elizabethan metal is usually thin and poor. Very
frequently, again, a palimpsest brass has been found and its
reverse side put on record, and then it has been reset, and
becomes again immovable. In other examples such brasses
have been framed and hinged, or fastened down with movable
screws, upon a plan adopted a few years ago by the Oxford
University Brass-Rubbing Society.

The loot from destroyed churches was probably sold to the
metal-workers, and was by them issued in the form of new
brasses. It is therefore impossible to identify the places
from which such brasses originally came, except in rare
instances, such as those now to be given.

At Denchworth, in Berks., there is an inscription below
the figures of William Hyde, Esq., in armour, and his wife,
1562. This is palimpsest, and its reverse shows another
inscription of great historic value, and, fortunately, complete.
It is in French, and records the laying of a foundation-stone
of Bisham Priory by Edward III. —

" Edward Roy Danglef e qe fist la siege deuant la Cite de
Bejrewyk & c5quyst la bataille illeoqi & la dite Cite la
veiile sein|te Margarete Ian de g'ce. m.ccc.xxxiii. mist
cestre pere a la | requeste Sire William de Mountagu
foundour de cestre mesoun."

254 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

The capitulation of Berwick took place on St. Margaret's
Day, 1333, and Sir William de Montagu was one of the signa-
tories to the treaty of surrender. The foundation charter of
the priory of Bisham is dated April 10, 1336.

Again, at St. Laurence, Reading, the entire brass of
Walter Barton, gent, 1538, is made up of portions of the
brass of Sir John Popham, who died in 1463, and was buried,
according to Stowe's Survey of London^ in the London
Charterhouse.

At Hedgerley, Bucks., there is a brass with the effigy of
Margaret Bulstrode, 1540, a foot inscription, a mutilated shield,
and a group of children, all of which are palimpsest, and seem
to be made up of spoil from the great abbey at Bury St.
Edmund's. The figure of the lady is cut out of an inscription
in English verse, which is only partly legible ; and on the
back of her own inscription is another to Thomas Totyngton,
Abbot of Bury, who died in 1 3 1 2 —

" Totyngton Thomas Edmudi q* fuit abbas
Hie iacet esto pia sibi duct'r u'go maria."

The children are cut out of the lower portion of the figure
of a bishop or abbot, c. 1530, showing the chasuble, staff of
the crozier with vexillum, and dalmatic On the reverse of
the shield are portions of canopy-work, with a representation
of the resurrection, and a small fragment of the figure of
some saint

A further good example may be described at Norbury,
Derbyshire, where portions of the brass to Sir Anthony Fitz-
herbert and wife, 1538, appear to have come from a brass of
the De Verdun family, who were buried in Croxden Abbey,
about five miles away, in Staffordshire. The remaining parts,
all of which are palimpsest, consist of Sir Anthony, in judicial
robes (cf. p. 178), mutilated and headless, his wife in a heraldic
mantle, a Latin inscription in two pieces, eight lines upon the
first and six upon the second, a shield of arms, one plate of

SPOLIATION OF THE MONASTERIES 255

children, viz. the daughters, and three small fragments of a
marginal inscription. The reverses of the judge and his wife,
excluding her head, join together and make up the greater
part of the figure of a lady, c. 1320, of the same type as that
of Lady Creke (cf. p. 24), with a lion at her feet. Lady
Fitzherbert's head, the shield, the children, and the pieces of
fillet are all from parts of the canopy and border of the same
brass, which has with good reason been ascribed to Dame
Matilda, wife of Theobald de Verdun, lord of Alton, who died
in 13 1 2, and was l^uried in the south transept of Croxden
Abbey. This abbey was dissolved in 1538, and the greater
part of the plunder became the property -of William Basset,
who had married the judge's daughter Elizabeth. The two
remaining plates, on which are inscribed the Latin verses,
belong to a much later memorial, but are probably spoil from
the same abbey. The larger bears the central portion of a
figure in monastic habit, apparently part of a prior, to whom
reference is made in some much-mutilated hexameters on the
reverse of the smaller plate, the date being c. 1440. All these
palimpsests are now fixed down ; but the late Sir Wollaston
Franks had careful electro-types made and fastened to a stout
board, which hangs upon the vestry wall.

The Rugge brass, at St. John Maddermarket, Norwich,
1558 (cf. p. 131), is probably made up of spoil from the great
abbey of St Benet Hulme, and is cut from parts of the fine
effigy of an abbot holding a clasped book.

Again, at Denham, Bucks, the reverses of Amphillis
Peckham, 1 545, exhibit the almost complete figure of a friar,
together with an inscription to John Pyke, seemingly a school-
master, since his shield bears the device of a birch-rod. The
brass a few years ago was loose, in the custody of the Rector
of Denham.

At Shipton - under - Wychwood, Oxon., a plate bearing
figure and inscription to Elizabeth Home, 1548, doubtless
came from some church in Aylesbury, since it records on its

256 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

reverse the endowment of a chantry in that town. The in-
scription is of great length and interest, and is fortunately
open to inspection, since the brass has been mounted in a
hinged oak frame and placed on the wall of the north aisle.

Chantry spoil may also be definitely instanced at Dunmore,
Hants., where the following inscription is engraved on the
reverse of one to Alice Magewik, 1591 : —

" Hie iacet dns Robertus Clerk quoda(in)
Capellanus Cantaris petri fTabiller i(n)
p' senti ecdia fundat* cui' aie ppiciet* de' A(men).''

The date of this is c. 1 500, and it also is hinged and fastened
to the church wall.

Other interesting palimpsests of the same type occur at —

Taplow, Bucks., 1540 (Manfelde). Reverses^ eight pieces, c. 1470

and c. 1490.
Halvergate, Norfolk, 1540 (Swane). Reverse^ bust of friar, c. 1440.
Tolleshunt Darcy, Essex, r. 1540 (a lady). Rev.^ part of abbot,

c. 1400.
Upminster, Essex, c. 1540 (a civilian). Rev.^ part of abbot, c. 1410.
Odiham, Hants., c. 1540 (man in armour). Rev*^ three pieces,

c, 1460.
Cheam, Surrey, 1542 (Fromondes). Rev.^ seven pieces, 1500-1520.
Holy Trinity, Chester, 1545 (Gee). Rev.^ part of a Garter knight,

^. 1525.
Cuxton, Kent, c. 1545 (Buthyll). Rev.^ part of canopy, c. 1480.

All Hallows Barking, London, 1546 (Thynne). Rev,^ six pieces,

Braunton, Devon, 1548 (Chechester). Rev.^ two pieces, c, 1372.
Winchester College, 1548 (White). Rev.^ part of a widow, c, 1440.
Manchester Cathedral, 1548 (Ordsall). Rev,,^ a lady, c, 1450.
Sessay, Yorks., 1550 (Magnus). Rev.^ seven pieces, c. 1450.
Cobham, Surrey, c. 1550 (man in armour). Rev.^ a priest, c* 1510.
Narburgh, Norfolk, 1556 (Goldyngham). Rev.^ part of a priest,

c 1470.
Binfield, Berks., 1558 (Turner). Rev,y part of abbot, c. 1420.

SPOLIATION OF THE MONASTERIES 257

Northolt, Middlesex, 1560 (Gyfforde). Rev,^ nine pieces, 1480-

1500-
Fryeming, Essex c, 1560 (lady). Reo,^ part of a widow, c. 1460.

Metton, Norfolk 1562 (Grey). Rco.^ feet of man in armour,

c. 1390.
Morland, Westmoreland, 1562 (Blythe). Rev.^ two men in armour,

c, 1520.
Felmingham, Norfolk, 1591 (Moone). Rtv.^ part of a priest, c. 1450.
Howden, Yorks., 1621 (Dolman). Rev,y part of civilian, c. 1520.

Palimpsests which are made from Flemish or German
brasses are of special interest, and open up an attractive course
of study. Far more fragments of such brasses exist in England
than there are now brasses in the whole of the Low Countries.
Not all, however, are from the sack of the Netherland churches,
for there are a few where the English obverse is of too early a
date, and these can be accounted for only on the supposition
that a certain quantity of " shop waste," or spoilt plate, was
imported into England before the general destruction of
brasses began.

Of this type is an inscription at Great Bowden, Leics.,
1403, to Wm. Wolstonton, rector, which bears on the reverse
a very pleasing figure of a civilian under a canopy, c. 1350, of
the same description as the foreign brass at Aveley, Essex
(cf. p. 94), and similar also to a small brass preserved in the
Archaeological Museum at Ghent.

At Sail, Norfolk, loose in the church chest, there is a
mutilated inscription, c, 1480, cut from a fine foreign brass,
c, 1400, and exhibiting part of the head of a lady with braided
hair, and the diaper-work of a cushion, on which her head
rested Ewelme, Oxon., also has an inscription of the date
1494 to Henry Lee and wife, the reverse of which is a piece of
good foreign canopy- work, c, 1360, apparently of the German
type. It includes the small figure of an angel playing on a
musical instrument, part of a crocketed arch, and the corner
of a head-cushion, as at King's L)mn and Lubeck.

258 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Early palimpsests are also found at Homcastle, Lines.,
where portions of the brass to Sir Lionel Dymoke, 15191 are
composed of foreign fragments ; at Southacre, Norfolk, where
the remains of the brass to Sir Roger Harsyk and wife, 1454,
include a piece of a foreign marginal inscription ; and in the
British Museum, in a fragment from Trunch, Norfolk, 1473.
The reverse of the brass at Topcliffe, Yorks., dated 1391
(cf. p. 94), is said to be entirely covered with earlier work ;
and at ToUeshunt Darcy, Essex, is preserved a portion of the
border of another foreign brass, of the late fourteenth century,
the two sides of which differ but slightly in design and date.
As throughout this section, the chief authority is Mr. Stephen-
son. He has figured many examples, and gives the following
of later date : —

ToUeshunt Darcy, Essex, 1540 (Darcy). J?^., inscription, 1362.
Winestead, Yorks., c, 1540 (Hildyard). jRev., fragment of civilian, c,

1360.
Isleworth, Middlesex, 1544 (Chase). Jiev.^ saint in niche, c. 1360.
Upminster, Essex, 1545 (Wayte). JRev.y fragments of abbot, c.

1480.
Aylesford, Kent, 1545 (Savell). jRev.^ canopy, possibly French, c.

1530-
Hackney, Middlesex, 1545 (Lymsey). -^«/. of shields, pieces of

background, c. 1530.

Bay ford, Herts., c, 1545 (Knighton). J?^., fragments of abbot, c,
1480.

Ossington, Notts., 155 1 (Peckham). /?^., fragment of a lady, r.
1360, and other pieces.

Hadleigh, Suffolk, c. 1560 (Taillor). J^ev.^ civilian and angel on
backgromid, c. 1500.

Pottesgrove, Beds., 1563 (Saunders), /^ev,^ canopy-work, c. 1370.

Westerham, Kent, 1563 (Potter). J^ev.^ column and shield, c. 1530.

St Peter Mancroft, Norwich, 1568 (Rede), i?^'., civilian and back-
ground, c, 1500.

West Lavington, Wilts., c, 1570 (Dauntesay). jRev., Dutch inscrip-
tion, 15 18.

Wardour Castle, Wilts., 1573 (Arundell). J^ev., portions of words.

SPOLIATION OF THE MONASTERIES 259

Stondon Massey, Essex, 1573 (Holingworth). liev,, four pieces of

canopy-work, c. 1390 and c. 15 10.
Haseley, Warw., 1573 (Throkmorton). Rev.y canopy-work, c. 1390.
Constantine, Cornwall, 1574 (Gerveys). JRcv.^ man in armour, and

background, c. 1375.
Erith, Kent, 1574 (Harman). Jiev,y border, c, 1500.
Harrow, Middlesex, 1574 (Frankishe). Rev.^ border and lady, c,

1360 and c, 1370.
St Mary Magdalen, Oxford, 1574 (Fitzherbert). /?^., part of Dutch

inscription, r. i52o«
St. Peter-in-the-East, Oxford, 1574 (Atkinson). Rev.i canopy, six-
teenth century.
Denham, Suffolk, 1574 (Bedingfield). Rev»^ feet and robes, c, 1500.
Isleworth, Middlesex, 1575 (Holland). jRev.y border and foliage, c.

1500.
British Museum, from Wimbish, Essex, c. 1575 (fragment). ^^.,

marginal inscription, c, 1420.
Cookham, Berks., 1577 (More). Rev.y head, background, and

inscription, c, 1380 and c, 1480.
Wardour Castle, Wilts,, c. 1577 and 1578 (Arundell). Revs.^ part of

saint, and robe, and canopy, 1374.
Kings Langley, Herts., 1578 (Cheyne). Rev.^ head of lady, c. 1370,

and border, c, 1420.
Cley, Norfolk, 1578 (Tayllar). Rev.^ base of shaft, with feet, c, 1500.
Wonersh, Surrey, 1578 (Bosseville). Rev.^ border, c. 1540.
Yealmpton, Devon, 1580 (Copleston). Rev.^ head, background, and

saints, c. 1460.
Pinner, Middlesex, 1580 (Bedingfeld). Rev.y inscription, c. 1500.
Orford, Suflfolk, 1580 (Coo). Rev.y two pieces of border, c. 1420.
Norton Disney, Lines., c. 1580 (Disney). Rev,^ Dutch inscription,

1518-
Paston, Norfolk, c. 1580 (Paston). Rev.y shields, inscription, and

background, c. 1480.
Hales worth, Suffolk, 1581 (Browne). Rev.y border and robes, c,

1510.
St. Margaret^ Lee, Kent, 1582 (Annesley). Rev.y border.
Margate, Kent, 1582 (Flitt). Rev.y border, c. 1400.
Holme-next-the-Sea^ Norfolk, 1582 (Strickland). Rev.y canopy and

border, c. 1400.

26o THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Camberwell, Surrey, 1582 (Dove). j/?«'., border and ground, r. 1500.
Walkem, Herts., 1583 (Humbarstone). Rev.^ eleven pieces, various

dates.
Aveley, Essex, 1584 (Barett). Rev.y marginal inscription, c. 1420.
Wardour Castle, 1586 (Arundell — a rose). Rev,^ a face.

The reverses are of varying dates, and comprise fragments
of figures, inscriptions, and much canopy-work. Sometimes,
too, a number of fragments go to make up one brass, as
at Walkem, where the Humbarstone memorial is made up of
no fewer than eleven pieces, cut out of three or four different
foreign brasses ; or at Ossington, where apparently one
German and four English brasses have been used to make
the Peckham brass, which lies upon an altar tomb, and has
a number of plates for husband, wife, children, inscriptions,
and shields, almost all palimpsest.

On the other hand, the brass at St. Peter-in-the-East,
Oxford, is entirely, with the exception of a part of the
children, cut from one plate, the various pieces fitting together
and forming the greater part of a canopy.

The two figures of the Wayte brass at Upminster are from
a very large foreign brass, probably Flemish, and when placed
together show gloved hands folded on the body, part of a
richly diapered chasuble, and a portion of the stem of a
crozier. Two more pieces from this same figure are re-used
in parts of the brass at Bayford, which is thus proved to have
issued from the same workshop. More of the diapered
chasuble appears, and also of the crozier and stem.

Several others of these brasses deserve more particular
mention. The obverse of the Hadleigh brass is a long
rhyming inscription to Rowland Taillor, who was one of the
Marian martyrs, and it is in its way a curiosity —

" Gloria in altissimis deo
Of Rowland Taillors fame I shewe

An excellent Devyne
And Doctor of the Civill lawe

A preacher rare and fyne

SPOLIATION OF THE MONASTERIES 261

Kinge Henrye and Kinge Edward' dayes

Preacher and parson here
That gave to God contynuall praise

And kept his flocke in feare
And for the truthe condempned to dye

He was in fierye flame
Where he received pacyentlie

The torment of the same
And strongliQ suifred to thende

Whiche made the standers by
Reioyce in God to see theire frende

And pastor so to dye
O Taillor were thie myghtie fame

Uprightly here inrolde
Thie Deedes deserve that this good name

Were siphered here in golde

obiit Anno dni, 1555."

The reverse is part of a large foreign brass, c. 1500,
showing the head, shoulders, and hands of a civilian with
a diapered background, and the flowing robe of an angel,
who may have been supporting a shield above the man's
head.

The illustration is from the brass at Yealmpton, Devon,
the obverse being a plain inscription to Isabell Copleston,
1580. The reverse is an interesting piece of Flemish or
German work of the latter half of the fifteenth century, and
exhibits a considerable part of the brass from which it was
cut From the position of the figures so near to the upper
mai^in it is probable that at least half the rectangle was
occupied by a long inscription. The attitude of the tonsured
head below the scroll shows that the plate commemorated a
priest, and that he was kneeling. The remaining words of
the scroll, ". . . esto.memor.iacobi.precibus.pia.virgo . . ."
introduce the other two principal figures, St James of Compo-
Stella behind, with his pilgrim's staff, hat, and cockleshell, and
the Blessed Virgin in front The Heavenly Father's throne
rises from an orle of conventional clouds, and His outstretched
arms hold a sheet which contains the naked soul, whose head

Si

H

SPOLIATION OF THE MONASTERIES 263

is surrounded with a nimbus. The brass may very well be loot
from some Netherland church.

The brass at St. Peter Mancroft, Norwich, is especially
curious, because the effigy of Peter Rede is in armour of
about a hundred years earlier than its date, being evidently
copied by an inexpert local engraver from an older figure.
The inscription is in capitals divided by dots, and describes
him as having "worthely served not only hys prynce and
cuntrey but allso the emperor Charles the 5 bothe at the
conquest of Barbaria and at the siege of Tunis as also in
other places who had geven hym by the sayd emperour for
hys valiaunt dedes the order of Barbaria." The figure is cut
transversely from a large foreign brass, probably Flemish, on
which may be seen part of a man's head, in a cap, upon a
diapered background beneath a canopy. The inscription is
from the same brass, with a strip of border, and part of the
man's body and hands.

The West Lavingfton and Norton Disney palimpsests, far
apart though they lie, one in Wiltshire, and the other in
Lincolnshire, are from the same foreign brass, a long and
extremely interesting Dutch inscription, of which thirty-three
lines are at Norton, and nine at Lavington, recording the
foundation, in 15 18, of a mass at the altar of St. Cornelius in
the church of Westmonstre, by Adrian Adrianson and the
lady Paesschine van den Steyne. The church formerly
existed in the city of Middleburgh, in Walcheren, in the
province of Zeeland, and seems to have been completely
destroyed in 1575. The Norton plate has been fixed in a
hinged frame on the north wall of the chancel.

At Wardour Castle, the Wiltshire seat of Lord Arundel,
there are a number of fragments of Arundel brasses, of which
in several instances other parts still remain in the church from
which they were removed, viz. Mawgan-in-Pyder, Cornwall.
The foreign palimpsests are all preserved at the castle, having
at one time been loose at Lanheme Nunnery, close to Mawgan

264 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Church. They are of considerable interest, and exhibit portions
of several fine brasses of the fourteenth century and later.

The Harrow brass, a long inscription, is from two very fine
fourteenth-century brasses of the best German type, the one
showing a piece of margin with a prophet and a small seated
weeper in canopied niches, and the other, which is a little
earlier, the neck, shoulders, hands, and part of the face of a
lady, whose head reposes on a cushion supported by angels,
and boldly diapered with buds and foliage ; a strip of the
border also appears, with its piece of fillet, a shield of arms,
and a canopied saint with sword and book, apparently St.
Paul.

The Margate fragment is the last which need be mentioned.
It is an inscription which, from the style of lettering, the shape
of the numerals, and the use of the word " Hier " for " Here,"
was perhaps cut in Flanders, and imported directly thence.
The reverse is part of the border of a brass which bears a close
resemblance to one still existing at Ypres. In the midst of a
bold pattern of vines, and between the loops of a flowing
inscription-scroll, there are shields and little sketches to
illustrate the life of man from the cradle to the grave. There
are two of these scenes at Margate, a little child catching
butterflies, and, the next stage, two boys amusing themselves
at stilt-walking.

In addition to the engraved metal stolen from English and
foreign churches, there are other palimpsests which, like the
earliest examples mentioned on p. 257, appear to be made up
from spoilt plates, i.e, brasses cancelled in the workshop,
through some error either in detail or in the inscription or
heraldry, or from the design not meeting with approval. The
dates of the two sides will then generally, though not always,
nearly coincide. It will be sufficient to mention a few of such
" wasters," as Mr. Stephenson has termed them.

A priest in processional vestments at the Temple Church,
Bristol, c, 1460, is cut out of a lady of about the same date.

SPOLIATION OF THE MONASTERIES 265

The lower portion of an unknown abbot, c, 1400, loose in
St Albans Abbey, shows on the reverse the lower half of a
lady, also of about the same date. At Ampton, Suffolk, there
is a lady on either side of the plate, the one r. 1490, the other
twenty years earlier.

In some cases a greater length of time separates the first
and second engravings. Thus, at Clifton Campville, Staffs.,
the demi-figure of a lady, c, 1360, on a bracket, is cut from a
cross-legged knight in chain-mail, c. 1300; and at Ipsden,
Oxon., the figures of Thomas and Isabel Englysche, 1525, are
respectively from a lady and from an inscription c. 1420. As
there are a good many such brasses, especially inscriptions,
it seems likely that the original plates may have become
loose, then lost or stolen, and so have found their way into
the hands of dealers in old metal, and so back to the
workshops.

In a very few instances both sides of a palimpsest refer to
the same person. The brass at Burwell, Cambs., to Laurence
de Wardeboys, Abbot of Ramsey from 1508 to 1539, was
probably prepared during his lifetime, and represented him as
an abbot. But before his death in 1542, the abbey had been
suppressed, and he was no longer abbot The monument was
therefore altered to suit his altered condition, and the lower
part of his effigy was turned over and re-engraved with cassock
and surplice, an entirely new head and shoulders being supplied.
The indent, however, of the points of the original mitre can
still be traced in the stone above the head-cushion upon which
he rests. This is in fact a peculiarly interesting brass. It was
furnished with a triple canopy, of which only the central
pediment remains, itself palimpsest in the ordinary way,
and cut from the much earlier and unique brass of a
deacon in stole and dalmatic, the latter fringed only on the
left side.

Another instance of the same person twice engraved occurs
at St Margaret's, Rochester, in the half-effigy of Thomas Cod,

266 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

vicar, 1465. He was at first correctly vested in cassock,
surplice, almuce, and cope, but on the later side — if it really is
the later — an amice for some quite unaccountable reason takes
the place of the almuce.

Yet again, there is a most curious palimpsest at Walton-
on-Thames, in the brass of John Selwyn, " gent' keeper of her
Ma*^ Parke of Oteland' vnder y' right honorable Charles
Howard Lord Admyrall of England," 1587, with his wife and
family. The brass is of an ordinary type; but one plate
between the heads of the principal figures is of more than
usual interest, as it displays a feat of agility performed by
John Selwyn at a stag-hunt in the presence of Queen Elizabeth.
In the Antiquarian Repertory y vol. i. p. i, it is said that Selwyn,
" in the heat of the chase, suddenly leaped from his horse upon
the back of the stag (both running at that time with their
utmost speed), and not only kept his seat gracefully, in spite
of every effort of the aff*righted beast, but, drawing his sword,
with it guided him towards the Queen, and coming near her
presence, plunged it in his throat, so that the animal fell dead
at her feet" This small plate, measuring ^\ by 7 J inches, is
palimpsest, and has two representations of the stag-killing.
The reverse shows Selwyn with a short beard, without hat,
and holding with the left hand the stag's right horn, while
with the other he plunges the sword into its neck. This side
is lightly engraved, and appears to have been submitted for
approval, and rejected. The obverse has a much more spirited
representation of the scene. Selwyn wears a hat and cloak,
and keeps his seat without holding the horns of the stag.

So far we have considered palimpsests in which the metal
is engraved upon both sides. There remains a small class
where this is not the case, but where existing brasses have
simply been appropriated to later use by the addition of new
inscriptions and shields. Such has been the case at Bromham,
Beds., where there is the fine brass of a man in complete
plate armour and a collar of SS., c, 1435, with two wives,

SPOLIATION OF THE MONASTERIES 267

under a good triple canopy. From two original shields
which remain between the heads of the figures, the brass has
been attributed to Thomas Wideville, 1433, and his two wives
Elizabeth and Alice. But the inscription at the foot makes
it to be the memorial of Sir John Dyve, 153S, his wife, and
his mother, and the Dyve arms, Gules^ a /ess danceite or
between 3 escallops ermine^ have been inserted in a shield upon
the centre finial of the canopy. This, then, is a " palimpsest
by appropriation."

Similar appropriations occur at Gunby, Lines., c, 1405 and
1552 ; Laughton, Lines., c. 1400 and 1549; Horley, Surrey,
c, 1420 and 1516; Ticehurst, Sussex,^. 1370 and 1546; and
Charwelton, Northants., c, 15 10 and 1541.

In a few rare instances an appropriated brass was actually
altered with the graving tool. This has happened at Chalfont
St Peter, Bucks., where a priest in eucharistic vestments,
c, 1440, has been altered by the addition of shading, the
rounding of the toes, and a new inscription, making him into
Robert Hanson, vicar, who died i in 1545. So al^o at Great
Ormesby, Norfolk, in a lady transferred from c, 1440 to 1538 ;
at Waterperry, Oxon., from c. 1445 to 1527 ; and at Okeover,
Staffs., where an examination of the reverses has enabled a
complete identification to be made. Originally laid down to
the memory of William, fifth Lord Zouch, of Harringworth,
and his two wives, about the year 1447, soon after the death
of his first wife, Alice Seymour, it became, probably as spoil
from some monastic house, the memorial of Humphrey Oker,
who died in 1538, his wife Isabel, and their children. Little
alteration was really made in the brass, except in the figure of
Lord Zouch, where portions of the body armour were cut
away, and a tabard, charged with the Oker arms, made in the
indent thus created. The upper part of the helmet with its
crest was removed, and the crest of Oker substituted The
lady on the dexter side remained unaltered and passed as
Isabel Oker, but the second lady was superfluous, so her

268 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

figure was reversed, and thereon were engraved the Oker
children in three rows, the head and shoulders of the figure
being filled up with an oak tree bearing a shield. The original
shields and the marginal inscription were simply turned over
and re-engraved.

CHAPTER XI

THE ELIZABETHAN REVIVAL

Queen Elizabeth, 1558-1603
James I, 1603-1625

IN the reign of Elizabeth there is a remarkable revival of
brass-engraving. The general character of the brasses
is entirely changed, and not for the better, but they
become almost more popular than ever ; for the Elizabethan
brasses number some 540, with 260 more of the same type in
the reign of James L, chiefly in his opening years. Caroline
and later brasses are much fewer, and number in all about
J 50, until the art is finally and ignominiously extinguished.

From the very first year of Elizabeth brasses begin to
average double the number of those which were laid down
per annum in the two previous reigns. And now for the first
time they also begin to be not only engraved, but the plates
themselves manufactured in England. It has been pointed
out by Haines that a patent was granted by the Queen, in
1565, to Wm. Humfrey, assay master of the mint, and
Christopher Shutz, "an Almain," to search and mine for
calamine, and to have the use of it for making all sorts of
battery wares, cast works, and wire, of latten. At the same
time similar privileges, he says, were granted to Cornelius
Devoz, and to Daniel Houghsetter, and Thomas Thurland.
In 1 56S the company of the mineral and battery works was
incorporated, and in 1584 re-incorporated; in which year a

lease of works at Isleworth, on the Thames, was granted to John

269

270 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Erode, who appears to have greatly improved the manufacture ;
and about the same period many other brass mills were set up,
especially in Somersetshire. The workmen are stated to have
made " plates both of copper and brasse of all scyces little and
great, thick and thyn, for all purposes." Unfortunately those
which were to be used for monumental engraving were so thin
and poor that the Elizabethan and later brasses are almost
invariably bent and battered, and in far worse condition now
than memorials laid down in earlier periods, and for this very
reason, amongst others, they have been much neglected.

The better preserved brasses are those which from the
first were placed upon the wall instead of the floor, and
escaped the wear and tear of the tread of feet And this plan
was very commonly used, so that mural brasses become a
feature of the age. Often they were rectangular, and fitted
into tablets of grey marble with ornamental or moulded
borders. They were then usually quite small. Often again
they were placed within the canopied recess of an altar tomb,
in a series of small plates which, in the case of a family,
represent the parents kneeling at desks and facing one another,
while the boys and girls kneel behind. But the larger brasses
were still upon the floor in the usual way. And if the material
was thin, so was the style of the drawing. The lines are
shallow and uncertain, and there is much confused shading,
so that an Elizabethan or Jacobean brass, interesting though
it may be, is often not at all a thing of beauty.

There are still plenty of men in armour, more than a
hundred in the reign of Elizabeth, barely twenty in that of King
James. And the armour very quickly changes and becomes
fixed in a new type. For a very few years the mail skirt and
tuilles hold their place, and then give way to a fresh style,
which was partly enforced by the corresponding change in
civil costume. The old armour is well exemplified in the brass
of Sir Henry Sacheverell and his wife at Morley, Derbyshire,
1558 (cf. illustration), but with transitional features. The

(Shield of anns omitted)

272 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

tuilles have already given place to a pair of rudimentary
tassets, and the sword-belt and cord or strap, from which the
dagger is suspended, are quite in the later mode. But soon
long-waisted doublets and short trunk hose became the fashion,
and it was impossible to wear the old armour over them. The
following alterations will therefore be remarked. The
cuirass is made long, like the doublet, ridged, and brought
to a peak in the form known as the "peascod," and it is
furnished with a projecting rim. The front of the thigh is
protected by laminated cuissarts which pass under the trunk
hose, and the lower part of the leg by close-fitting knee-caps
and greaves ; the sollerets are complete, and take the shape of
the foot Buckled to the rim of the cuirass, and hanging
down over the trunk hose, are two large tassets, the most
characteristic feature of Elizabethan armour. They take the
place of tuilles, but are much larger, and formed of a number
of hinged plates ; they are usually, but not always, rounded
towards the knee, and are fastened to the breeches by leather
straps. The pauldrons upon the shoulders are also very lai^e,
but have no ridges or guards, and consist of several riveted
plates. They are generally lined with leather, and the
escalloped edge of the lining is allowed to extend beyond
the plates and form an ornamented edging. The lining of
the tassets is often shown in the same way. The head and
hands are left bare, but the neck is encircled with a ruff and
the wrists with frills, which give a most unwarlike appearance
to the panoply of steel. The helm, a close armet, is sometimes
placed behind the head, and sometimes, with kneeling figures,
upon the ground, together with the gauntlets. Persons of
every degree are represented as standing, generally upon a
chequered pavement or a round pedestal, or else kneeling
upon cushions.

All these points of armour, except that the cuissarts have
back-pieces, are well illustrated in the brass of Nicholas
Wadham at Ilminster, which is here figured. The example is

HICHOI.AS WADKAW, BSQ., AND HIS Win DOSOTHIE, l6|g
ILUIMSTER, SOUIRSKT

274 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

a late one, but nevertheless thoroughly typical of Elizabethan
as well as Jacobean armour, since no further changes occurred
until the next reign. The linings of the pauldrons and tassets
are clearly shown, and also the hinges and straps which fasten
the latter in their place. The attachment of the dagger by
means of a scarf should also be noticed, since this is the usual
mode. The sword-belt is also typical, though the sword is a
little broken. It is common at this period for swords to have
guarded or basket hilts. The ornamental borders of the
shields are also a feature which is frequently met with, and
the inscription is reversed simply in order that it may be more
easily read, the feet of effigies, like the bodies in the grave,
being almost invariably placed towards the east. The persons
here commemorated are of academic importance, the founders
of Wadham College, Oxford —

" Here lyeth Interred the body of Nicholas Wadham, whjles he
lyued of Merefeild in y' County of Somersett Esquier, ffownder of
Wadham CoUedge in Oxforde, who Depted this Ijfe y* xx day of
Octob* 1609. Here lieth also y' body of Dorothie Wadham widow,
late the wife of Nicholas Wadham Esq' : Foundresse of Wadham
Colledge in Oxforde, who died the 16 of May 1 618 In the yeare of
her age 84."

Inscriptions are not always of this simple character, but are
often long, elaborate, and couched in verse. Here, for instance,
is one from the brass of John Browne and his sister Winifrid,
in the church of St John Sepulchre, Norwich, 1 597. It is in
Roman capitals, as follows : —

<* Jhon Browne of Waltone Gentleman, Phillip Browns sone & heir

Brother unto Winifrid, his onlie sister deare
Foreseeinge that mans life Is fraile, and subject unto death

Hath chosen him this syllie shrine, to shrevd his corps in earth
Yet hopes he for to rise againe, through faith in Christ Gods sone

Who for his soule elect to life, a glorious crowne hath won
This is his hoape this is his trust, faith is his onely sheilde

By which he over syn and death and sathan wins the feeld."

He is dressed in similar armour to that of Nicholas

THE ELIZABETHAN REVIVAL 275

Wadham, and holds his sister by the left hand. A further
inscription of the same sort proclaims her merits, and there is
an achievement of arms above their heads.

Of course a few variations in the armour described are
occasionally found. The puffed breeches were sometimes laid
aside, and then the thighs could be protected by continuous
plates from cuirass to knee, instead of by cuissarts below and
tassets above. A good example may be noted in the brass of
Thomas Hawkins, 1587, at Boughton-under-Blean, Kent. It
is difficult to know whether to describe his thigh-pieces as
cuissarts, or as " tassets a Tecrevisse," but they are lined with
leather, and show its escalloped edge. There is a superb suit
of French armour in the Guard-chamber of Windsor Castle in
perfect preservation, which shows a precisely similar arrange-
ment, in which Mr. Starkie Gardner describes the thigh-pieces
as " laminar cuissarts." In another example in the same place,
in a demi-suit of the Earl of Essex, he calls them " cuissarts a
^crivisse." The Hawkins inscription is another curious instance
of rhymed verse, but written in black letter, on two plates : —

*' I now that lye within this marble stone
Was called Thomas Hawkins by my name
My terrae of life an hundred yeares and one
King Henry theight I serued which won me fame
Who was to me a gratious prince alwayes
And made me well to spend myne aged days.
My stature high my bodye bigge and strong
Excelling all that lived in myne age
But nature spent, death would not tary longe
To fetch the pledge which life had layed to gage
My fatall days if thow desyer to knowe
Bdiold the figures written here belowe."

15 Martii . 1587.

An almost precisely similar figure to that of Thomas
Hawkins may be seen at Eastry, in the same county, in a brass
to Thomas Nevynson, Esq., and his wife, 1 590. It is evidently
from the same workshop and by the same hand. This
Nevynson was "att the tyme of his death provost Marshall

276 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

& Scoutmaster of y^ Est partes of Kent & Captayne of y* lyghte
horses of the lathe of St Augustines."

A few other typical examples of Elizabethan men in
armour are now given, but it is not quite easy to choose the
best, since a number of them have never been illustrated. At
the beginning of the period there will be some with mail skirts
and tuilles, and some showing transition forms, rudimentary
tassets over bunchy mail skirts worn upon trunk hose, and so
forth. But after 1575 the majority are in the regular "tasset"
style.

Adderley, Salop., 1560, Sir Robt Nedeham and wife.

Bmndish, Suffolk, 1560, John Colby, Esq., and wife.

North Mimms, Herts., c, 1560, Rich. Butler, Esq., and wife.

Stratton, Cornwall, 1 561, Sir John Anmdell and two wives.

Narburgh, Norfolk, 1561, John Eyer, Esq.^ and wife, kneeling.

Tiltey Abbey, Essex, 1562, Geo. Medeley, Esq., and wife.

Little Plumstead, Norfolk, 1565, Sir Edw. Warner.

Exhall, Warw., 1566, John Walsingham, Esq., and wife.

Sefton, Lanes., 1568, Sir Wm. Molyneux and two wives.

Braiseworth, Suffolk, 1569, Alex. Newton, Esq.

Newton Flotman, Norfolk, 157 1, Rich., Ralphs and Edw. Blondevyle,

kn.
Knowle, Dorset, 1572, John Clavell, Esq., and two wives.
Churchill, Somerset, 1572, Raphe Jenyns, Esq., and wife.
St. Paul's, Bedford, 1573, Sir Wm. Harper and wife.
Haseley, Warw., 1573, Clement Throkmorton, Esq., and wife.
Hayes, Middlesex, 1576, Thos. Higate, Esq., and wife.
Bromham, Wilts., 1578, Sir Edw. Baynton and two wives.
Isfield, Sussex, 1579, Thos. Shurley, Esq., and wife.
Woodford-by-Thrapstone, Northants., c. 1580, Symon Malory, Esq.
Narburgh, Norfolk, 1581, John Spelman.

Knebworth, Herts., 1582, Rowland Lytton, Esq., and two wives.
Clifford Chambers, Glos., 1583, Hercules Raynesford, Esq., and wife.
Easton, Suffolk, 1584, John Wingfield, Esq.
Harrington, Lines., 1585, John Copledike, Esq., and wife.
Haccombe, Devon, 1586, Thos. Care we, Esq.
St. Martin's, Canterbury, 1591, Thos. Stoughton, gent.

THE ELIZABETHAN REVIVAL 277

VVrentham, Sufifolk, 1593, Humphrey Brewster, Esq.
Clippesby, Norfolk, 1594, John Clippesby, Esq., and wife.
St. Decumans, Somerset, 1596, John Windham, Esq., and wife.
West Hanney, Berks., 1599, Sir Christopher Lytcot.
Upton, Bucks., 1599, £dw. Bulstrode, Esq., and wife.
Sawbridgeworth, Herts., c, 1600, Edw. Leventhorp^ Esq., and wife.
Ash-next-Sandwich, Kent, 1602, Christopher Septvans and wife.
Illogan^ Cornwall, 1603, Jas. Bassett, Esq., and wife.
Felbrigg, Norfolk, 1608, Thos. Windham, Esq.
Wrotham, Kent, i6ii, Wm. Clerke, Esq., and wife.
Benhall, Sufifolk, 161 1, Ambrose Duke, Esq.
Stopham, Sussex, 1614, Rich. Barttelot, Esq., and two wives.
Preston Deanery, Northants., 1622, Sir Clement Edmonds and
wife.

Although the military brasses are still so plentiful, yet at
this period it is quite usual for knights and gentlemen to be
represented in civil costume. And in this there is but one
dress for men of all degrees. Nor is it in the least interesting,
for the doublets and hose are invariably and almost completely
hidden within a long close gown reaching to the feet, and
hardly varying throughout the two reigns.

It may be well seen in the small rectangular brass now
figured from Little Wittenham, Berks., to the memory of
William Dunche, Esq., " Auditor of the Myntes " to Henry
VIII. and Edward VI., and " Esquier swome extreordinarie for
the bodye of our soveraigne Ladie Elizabeth," and his wife
Marie. The brass was engraved in Dunche's lifetime, c. 1585,
and the spaces for the date of his death, which occurred in
1 597, were never filled in. Of his doublet only the sleeves
are visible, the arms being thrust through openings in those
of the gown, which hang pendant from the shoulders. These
are its permanent characteristic, and the only variation ad-
mitted is in the position of the openings, which may be right
up at the shoulder, or halfway down the upper arm. The
gown is also sometimes heavily furred, RufTs are worn at the
neck, and usually frills round the wrists. Boys, as may be

278 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

seen in this example, do not wear the gown, but a short cloak
more suitable to their age. Altc^ether the brass is a good
specimen of the better sort of mural plate, and its two
compartments and classical architecture are not unpleasing.

But a simpler type is more usual, such as that of a little
brass at Richmond, Surrey, 1591, where the background is
perfectly plain, and a husband and wife kneel on a dais facing
one another, with their sons and daughters on the pavement
behind. The brass also commemorates another of those
officers of the court who seem to have been so lavishly

THE ELIZABETHAN REVIVAL 279

employed by all the Tudor sovereigfns, if we may judge from
the number of their monuments which have survived. The
one now in question was " Mr. Robert Cotton Gentelma some-
time an officer of the remooving Wardroppe of Bedds unto
queene Marie whoe by her Ma^ speciall choise was taken
from the Wardroppe to serve her Ma'** as a Groome in her
privie chamber al her lyfetime and after her decease againe
he became an officer of the wardroppe wher he served her
Ma'** that now is queene Elizabeth many yeres and dyed
yeoma of the same office."

A great deal of information, it may be seen, is given in the
inscriptions, and it is often of interest. There is, for instance,
an excellent civilian brass at Downe, Kent, to Jacob Verzelini,
Esq., patentee for the manufacture of drinking-glasses, and
his wife, in 1607. His gown is thrown a little open, so as to
expose his breeches and doublet, which last is much slashed
and ornamented. The wife's dress is elaborately adorned
with embroidery, and both wear ample ruflfs. Verzelini was
" borne in the cittie of Venice, and Elizabeth his wife borne in
Andwerpe of the Auncient houses of Vanburen and Mace',"
and full particulars are given of their ages, marriage, and
deaths. They had evidently become quite Anglicized, had
accepted the national form of religion, and '' rest in hope of
resurrexion to lyfe etemall." Poetry of a kind is not seldom
found, and a single instance must suffice. It is taken from
a small brass at Yoxford, Suffolk, 161 3, the inscription in
Roman capitals being beneath the figure of a man in an open
gown, ruff, doublet, breeches, stockings, and shoes : —

" An epitaphe upon Anthony Cooke, who decea | sed upon
Ester Monday Anno Dni 161 3.

" At the due sacrifice of the paschall lambe
Aprill had eayghte dayes wep'e in showers the came
Leane hungry deathe who never pitty tooke
And cawse y* feaste was ended slewe this Cooke
On ester-monday he lyves then no daye more
But suncke to ryse w'^ him that Rose before

28o THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Hees here intombed A man of vertnes line
Ontreche his yeares yet they were seaventye-nyne
He lefte on earthe tenn children of eleaven
To keepe his name whilste himselfe wente to heaven/'

The last illustration, of Richard Gadburye, of Eyworth,
Beds., 1624, is included to show that in the last year of King
James changes were about to come in the hitherto prevailing
type. The gown is very peculiar, and the hat a quite unusual
feature. There are also a wife and daughter, a shield of arms,
and an inscription, which records the foundation of a charit-
able trust

The ladies of the Elizabethan revival '-approximate, as
usual, to certain definite types. At first the Queen Mary
costume is worn much as it may be seen in the figure of
Isabel Sacheverell, 1558, illustrated on p. 271. Next, from
about 1560 to 1575, or a little later, the over-gown is fastened
only at the waist, and by a small sash. It is also much
more open in front, and exposes a quilted or embroidered
under-gown or petticoat. The space between the throat and
the bodice is entirely covered by a gathered partlet with a
small frill, and the French bonnet remains in fashion as before.
This dress is retained by Marie Dunche (cf. illustration, p. 278),
c, 1585, with the addition of a ruff instead of the small frill,
but hers is a late example.

For the next change, and the most characteristic, reference
may be made to the figure of Dorothie Wadham, on p. 273.
Her skirt is distended at the hips by a farthingale, and in this
instance is closed by a succession of small loops and buttons ;
more usually it is open, in order to display the embroidered
petticoat, which was still worn underneath. The sleeves are
quite plain. A large ruff at the neck and frills at the wrists
are almost invariable, and in this matter Dorothie Wadham's
collar and cuffs are an exception to the rule. The lappet of
the bonnet is now turned up over the head, and sometimes
comes so far forward as to shade the face, and to gain for

2«2 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

itself the peculiar name of a " shadow," or ** bonne-grace." At
the very end of the period a large hooded calash or veil was
occasionally substituted, with a kind of mantle hanging down
over the shoulders. It is at this time too, during the
" farthingale period," that hats are often seen, broad-brimmed,
high-crowned, and surrounded by a wreathed kerchief.

Another fashion is illustrated by Dame Margaret Chute,
1 6 14, of Marden, Hereford. This lady wears a peaked
stomacher and a wheel-farthingale, the wheel formed by a
flounce round the waist, stiffened with wire. A starched
collar, ornamented with point lace, takes the place of a
ruff, and the hair is brushed up to a lace crown, which must,
like the wheel, have been supported by wirework.

Amongst curious brasses, of which there are many, it may
be well to mention a little group to women who died in child-
birth, and which may be called "Bedstead Brasses." The
first is at Heston, Middlesex, to Constance, the wife of Mordicai
Bownell, vicar of the parish. She died in childbirth in 1581,
and is represented in an old-fashioned four-post bedstead, with
the dead infant on the coverlet At the side is a ministering
angel, and above a figure of our Lord in glory. The inscrip-
tion is now lost, as are also the kneeling husband and his
children.

Another is at Hailing, Kent, to the memory of Silvester,
the wife, first of William Dalyson, Esq., and afterwards of
William Lambarde, gentleman. She " Died the . i . Sept.
1 587 . leavynge on lyve by William Dalyson, Siluester a
Daughter, and Maximilian a Son : and by William Lambarde .
Multon a Son, Margaret a Daughter and gore and Fane
Sonnes and twynnes." The bedstead stands upon a tiled
floor in a perfectly bare room against a brick wall, with its
foot towards the spectator, and the lady sitting up and
supported by three pillows. The twins are in a cradle, and
the four children stand on either side of the bed, but the
husband does not appear.

284 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

At Hurst, in Berkshire, c. 1600, Alice Harison is similarly
commemorated. She was "cooferer" to Queen Elizabeth,
and deceased in childbed of her only son Richard.

The Wormington brass is illustrated, with the exception of
two shields outside the composition. Here the bed is turned
sideways, in front of a panelled wall, and is furnished with
curtains, and the floor is boarded. There are no attendant
mourners, and the swaddled infant is laid upon the coverlet.
The size of the brass is nearly 3 feet by 2 J feet.

Yet another, at Holywell Church, Oxford, 1622, com-
memorates Eliza Franklin, " who dangerowsly escaping death
at 3 severall travells in childe-bed died together w'^ the fourth."
In this instance all four children are placed upon the bed.

The clergy are naturally of some importance at this period,
and inaugurate the changes which came with the Reformation.
In the year 1561 we have Dr. William Bill, Dean of West-
minster, Provost of Eton, Master of Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, and chief almoner to Queen Elizabeth. He is in a
gown with a doctor's hood, and his brass lies on a high tomb
in the chapel of St Benedict in Westminster Abbey.

But there is not a parish priest until the tenth year of
Elizabeth's reign, when we get William Dye, at Westerham,
Kent. He wears a cassock, a closed and gathered surplice to
a little below the knee, and a long scarf disposed about his
neck after the manner of a stole, and suggesting the modem
Anglican use of stole and surplice in conjunction. Dye's
scarf reaches almost to the feet, and has plain ends. He has,
of course, no tonsure. The inscription runs as follows: —
" Here lyeth buryed in y* M'cy of Jhus christe | y* body of
Syr William Dye Prest sumtyme | Pson of Tattisfylde whiche
Deceassed in Anno | dni 1567 of whose soule Jhu haue
Mercy."

An earlier "parson " of the year 1561 existed until recent
years at Denham, Bucks., in the brass of Leonard Hurst,
figured by Haines, but now unhappily lost. He wore over his
cassock a surplice open in front, like a college surplice, fastened

THE ELIZABETHAN REVIVAL 285

at the neck by a single button, and reaching to the feet He
also had a long scarf.

ANNB SAVAGE, 1605.
KHIKGTON, GLOUCBSTBRSHIKB

(Shields of anns omiited)

Another brass of the same type is still to be seen at
Whichford, Warwick, to the memory of Nicholas Asheton,

286 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

S.T.B., 1582, chaplain to the Earl of Derby, and rector. He
has been described as " habited in a cassock, open in front/'
but the presence of the scarf seems to prove it to be simply
the long surplice.

But with these exceptions the clergy of the Reformation
are almost invariably represented in the ordinary costume of
the laity, doublet and hose without cassock, and the long
gown with its pendant sleeves, or a variety of the same known
as the Geneva preaching-gown. The earliest example is,
perhaps, to be found in the brass which heads the list given
below, namely, that of " Syr John Fenton prest Bachelor of
law sumtyme vicar of this church and Offishall of Coventree,"
at Coleshill, Warw. The inscription, which begins "Here
lieth the body," ends with the aspiration, " Whose soule Jesus
pardon. Amen."

It is remarkable that the list is a comparatively short one.
The clergy were married, and left widows and children to care
for their memory. Yet the proportion of ecclesiastical brasses,
at least during the reign of Elizabeth, is far smaller than
before the Reformation. Perhaps the money which the clergy
left behind them was required for other and more necessary
purposes than for their monuments. Post-reformation eccle-
siastics are found at —

Coleshill, Warw., 1566, John Fenton, vicar.

Sandon, Essex, c. 1580, Patrick Fearne, parson, and wife.

Sturminster Marshall, Dorset, 1581, Hen. Helme, vicar, small.

Upton, Warw., 1587, Rich. Woddomes, parson, and wife, qd. pi.

North Crawley, Bucks., 1589, John Garbrand, D.D., parson, qd. pi.

Croxton, Cambs., 1589, Edw. Leeds, LL.D., rector.

St. James', Dover, Kent, c. 1590, Vincent Huffam, priest, and wife,

Storrington, Sussex, 1591, Hen. Wilsha, B.D., chaplain.

Aylestone, Leics., 1594, Wm. Heathcott, parson.

Monewden, Suffolk, 1595, Thos. Reve.

Chevening, Kent, 1596, Griffin Lloyd and wife.

Morston, Norfolk, 1596, Rich. Makynges.

Bray, Berks., c, 1600, an ecclesiastic and wife, qd. pi.

THE ELIZABETHAN REVIVAL 287

Clothall, Herts., 1602, Wm. Lucas, M.A., parson.

Stonham Aspall, Suffolk, 1606, John Metcalfe.

Tingewick^ Bucks., 1608, Erasmus Williams, rector, demi., qd. pi.

Burgh St. Margaret, Norfolk, 1608, John Burton, rector, kn.

Ingoldisthorpe, Norfolk, 1608, Thos. Rogerson and wife.

Northolt, Middlesex, 16 10, Isaiah Bures, M.A., pastor, sm., kn.

Whitchurch, Oxon., i6io, Peter Winder, curate.

Tedburn Sl Mary, Devon, 16 13, Edw. Gee, parson, and wife.

Ely Cathedral, 16 14, Humphry Tyndall, D.D., Dean.

Barwell, Leics., 16 14, John Torksay, B.D., and wife, qd. pi.

Battle^ Sussex, 1615, John Wythines, D.D., Dean.

Bletchley, Bucks., 16 16, Thos. Sparke, D.D., rector, qd. pi.

Elsenham, Essex, 1616, Dr. Tuer, vicar.

Queen's College, Oxford, 161 6, Hen. Airay, S.T.P., Provost^ qd. pi.

Yelden, Beds., 16 17, Thos. Barker, M.A., rector, qd. pL

Stapleford, Cambs., 161 7, Wm. Lee, vicar, sm., qd. pi.

Puddlehinton, Dorset, 16 17, Thos. Browne, parson, qd. pi.

High Halstow, Kent, 16 18, Wm. Palke, minister, and wife.

Hackney, Middlesex, 16 18, Hugh Johnson, vicar.

Eyke, Suffolk, 161 9, Hen. Mason.

Barley, Herts., 162 1, Andrew Willett, D.D., minister.

Elford, Staffs., 1621, J. Hill.

Stoke Bruerne, Northants., 1625, Rich. Lightfoot, rector, qd.pl.

A special interest attaches to several of these ecclesiastics.
Woddomes and his wife are kneeling at two desks with open
books upon them, and their seven children ranged behind.
He is curiously described as " parson and pattron and vossioner
of the Churche & parishe of Oufton .... who died one
Mydsomer daye .... whose Soule restethe with God." The
term vossioner appears to mean " advowson holder."

Edward Leeds is dressed in the usual civilian or preacher's
gown, and his history is a varied one. Originally a monk of
Ely, he became Master of St. John's Hospital in that city,
rector of Cottenham and Croxton, and Chancellor of Lichfield
Cathedral. He succeeded to the eighth prebendal stall at
Ely in 1 548, and was Master of Clare Hall in Cambridge. A
small plate above his head is inscribed with the funeral text

288 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

from Job, and ends with the words, " Haec spes reposita est in

sinu meo."

At Monewden, Suffolk, Thomas Reve wears a gown and
university hood like those of Dean Bill, and, in a very small
pictorial mural brass, is represented as kneeling upon a cushion
before a small table, with a bookstand and a book upon the
tablecloth. The inscription, which is a very long one, states
that he was " brought up in y University of Cambridge, beinge
one of y* Seniour felowes of Gunvile and cayus Colidg where
he hud contenued y* space of xx yeares & havinge tyme &
alowance for the degree of Doctor in Devinite, was in y* florish-
inge tyme of his age prevented by death."

The Bletchley ecclesiastic is something of a curiosity, and
consists only of a bust drawn within an oval, with three sons
and two daughters, and figures of death and fame. At
Hackney also the little brass of Hugh Johnson is curious. It
consists of three plates mounted in a stone framework, in the
uppermost of which, 12 by 6 inches, the vicar is represented
in ordinary civil costume. Mr. J. F. Williams, in a paper
on the Hackney brasses {Mon. Brass Soc., vol. v. Part HI.),
describes him as " kneeling in a closed pew " ; Mr. Stephenson,
in the Transactions of the St. Paul's Ecclesiological Society (yoX.
iv. Part HI.), as "standing in a very Jacobean-looking pulpit"
In either case he is worthy of attention. The brass, which
was fastened to a pillar of the chancel in the old church, is
now in the present building placed in the north-east vestibule.

Most of these brasses are small, especially those which are
mural and rectangular. A chief exception is that of Dean
Tyndall, a really fine brass for its date, upon the floor of the
south choir-aisle of Ely Cathedral. The figure of the dean
measures 5 feet4i inches, and his false-sleeved gown has a high
collar, and a long broad scarf. He also wears the usual ruff
and frills, and has a close-fitting cap. The foot inscription is
as follows : —

" Usquequo domine Usquequo.

" The body of the woorthy & Reverende Praelate | Umphry

THE ELIZABETHAN REVIVAL 289

Tyndall, doctor of divinity, the fourthe Deane | of this Church and
master of Queenes CoUedge in | Cambridge, doth heere expect y*
cominge of our saviour.

" In presence gouemment, good actions and in birth
Graue, wise couragions. Noble was this earth
The poore, y* Church, y* CoUedge saye here lyes,
A freinde, a Deane, a maister, true, good, wise."

There is also a broad border fillet, of which the opening
and closing words are lost : — •* [Umphribus Tyndall Nobili]
Norfolciensium Tyndallorum familia oriundus, Decanus quartus
istius Ecclesiae, obiit [xii] Die Mensis Octob: Ario salutis,
Millessimo Sexcentessimo Decimo Quarto Anno iEtatis suae,
Se[xagesimo Quinto.] " Of four shields at the comers within
the margin, the upper dexter bears Tyndall and Deen quarterly,
the upper sinister the same impaling Russel, the lower dexter
the Deanery of Ely {GuUsy 3 keys paleways or), impaling
Tyndall and Deen, and the lower sinister Queens' College
{Sable, a cross and crozier in saltire or, surmounted by a boars
head argent), impaling the same. There is also an achieve-
ment of arms above the dean's head, with a crest of six
feathers, mantling, and a shield with six private coats, Tyndall
and Deen, Bigod, Felbrigg, Scales, Ufford, and Mondeford.

Dean Wythines, of Battle, is also of some importance,
S.T.D., Fellow of Brasenose, and Vice-Chancellor of Oxford.
His brass lies within the altar-rails of Battle Church, and is to
a certain extent meritorious. He wears the civilian gown, and
a square college cap without tassel. In his right hand there
is a small book, and a large ring upon the thumb. This ring
is noticeable, and was, perhaps, referable to one of the cere-
monies anciently connected with the conferring of a doctor's
degree. Two scrolls proceed from his mouth, and rise towards
an achievement of arms above his head. The one bears —

" Taedet animam meam vitae mese."
and the other —

" Cupio dissolvi et esse cum Christo."
u

290 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

There are two foot inscriptions : " Hie iacet Johannes Wythines
in prae | nobili civitate cestrise natus, et in | academia Oxoii
educatus, ibique aenei | nasi coUegii socius, sacrae theologiae |
Doctor, Academieq Oxon praedcii | Vicecancellarius, huiusq
Ecclesiae de | Battel XLII annos decanus qui obiit | xviii die
martii, Anno aetatis suae 84 | et salutis humanae 161 5/' and
four Latin verses.

Besides these Reformation parochial clergy, there are
bishops in the persons of Edmund Geste, Bishop of Salisbury,
1578, and Henry Robinson, Bishop of Carlisle, 16 16. The
former is a very plain figure with a short beard, and appears
to be wearing the rochet and chimere, lawn sleeves, and a
broad scarf. He holds a clasped book in his left hand, and
a short staff with a pointed ferule in his right. This staff is
only of about the length of a walking-stick, and has a knobbed
handle. There is a long Latin foot inscription in black letter,
which describes Dr. Geste as S.T.P. of Cambridge, and formerly
Bishop of Rochester, and High Almoner to Queen Elizabeth.
The brass is in Salisbury Cathedral, near that of Bishop
Wyvil.

In the next year to Bishop Geste comes the brass of
Bishop Pursglove at Tideswell, in Derbyshire ; but he is in
full eucharistic vestments, and has been described on p. 112.

The brass of Bishop Robinson, already illustrated, and of
which some account has been given on p. no, introduces a
new type, associated specially with the Stuart period. It is
plainly the work of the engravers of copper plates for illustra-
tions in books, and is adorned with a multitude of emblems,
mottoes, and texts, very much in the manner of the frontis-
pieces of the Eikon Basilike of Charles I. and similar works.

A companion brass to that of Bishop Robinson, in the
same chapel, of Queen's College, Oxford, of the same date,
1616, and to his successor in the provostship. Dr. Airay, is
here illustrated as a further example. The provost — and the
portrait is surely life-like — in gown, academical hood, ruff, and

ihry airav, p.d., frovost, i616
qvein's college, oxfokd

292 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

skull-cap, kneels upon a high tomb, the side of which bears
his inscription, and a set of verses wherein he is declared
to have been the Elisha upon whom the mantle of Bishop
Robinson had fallen. In order to cany out the idea further,
the foreground of the picture, on either side of and above the
tomb, is occupied by four scenes from Elisha's life and miracles.
The mantle of Elijah is conspicuous in the lower sky, and his
double spirit consists of the "Spirit of Teaching" and the
" Spirit of Examining," most suitable for the head of a college.
Elijah himself appears in the chariot of fire at the top dexter
comer above the clouds, to whom Airay exclaims, " Te sequar ! "
The size of both these brasses is about 21 by 1 6 inches, and
they are very fully and lucidly described by Mr. Percy Manning
in vol. i. of the Transactions of the Oxford University Brass^
Rubbing Society,

There is another, and perhaps by the same artist as that
of the Airay plate, at Tingewick, Bucks., 1608, to Erasmus
Williams, illustrated, as are the last two, in the Oxford Portfolio
of Brasses. It is signed " R. Haydock," and the same initials,
R. H., are engraved upon a fish in the spring healed by Elisha
in the Oxford brass. Like Airay, Williams kneels upon a
tomb, and is surrounded by curious emblems. Behind him,
suspended by cords from the top of a Corinthian column, are
bundles of instruments connected with astronomy, music,
painting, mathematics, and caligraphy, and a string of books,
with their names — Ptolome, Livie, Plinie, Aristotle, Virgil, and
Cicero. In front is a much thicker column, connected with
the other by a rainbow arch, above which are the sun (" The
Day is come") and the moon ("The Night is past"). But
much of the symbolism is explained in the epitaph upon the
side of the pictured tomb, and it is worth giving in full :—

** This dooth Erasmns Williams represent,
Whome liuing all did loue, deade all lament.
His humane Artes behind his backe attende,
Whereon spare bowers he wisely chose to spende.

THE ELIZABETHAN REVIVAL 293

And from Corinthiane Coiumne deck't with Aites,

Now to the Temples PiUar him conuetls.

Under the Rainebowes arche of Promiee, where

Of hoped blisse noe deluge he neede feaie.

He of this Chuich did a firme Pillar line,

T'whome deade his Wine's lone dooth these Pillars giue.

! *

294 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Contriued by his SchoUar and his frende,

Whoe wisht their loaes and Hues had made one ende.

Erasmus Mores encomion sett forth ;

Wee want a More to praise Erasmus worth."

An angel with a trumpet beneath the rainbow cries, " Arise
you dead & com to iudgment."

The same sort of engraving was occasionally employed
abroad as well as in England, and an example may be found
in the brass of Dr. Liddel at Aberdeen (cf. p. 98), which was
made in Antwerp.

Many of the local schools of brass-engraving seem to have
died out before the Elizabethan revival began. One new one
arose at York, and continued far into the seventeenth century,
and even the names of some of its artists have come down to
us (cf. p. 34), signed generally upon inscriptions.

Three good figure examples, of which the first is here
illustrated, still remain: one to James Cotrel, 1595, in York
Minster; another to Robert Askwith, 1597, at St. Crux; and
the third to Thomas Atkinson, 1642, at All Saints, North
Street. They are quadrangular plates, narrower at the top
than at the bottom, and bear pictorial figures at three-quarters
length. The excellent lettering of the Cotrel inscription should
be noticed, as well as the peculiarities in the style of the
portrait. All the York brasses, to the number of forty,
including inscriptions, have been carefully described, and many
of them reproduced by Mr. Stephenson in vol. xviii. of the
Yorksldre Arclueological Journal

APPENDIX (i)

Caroline Decadence

Charles I. 1625-1649

Rapid deterioration is the most marked characteristic of the Caroline
brasses. They are few in number, and very poor in execution.

CAROLINE DECADENCE 295

Many of them have the appearance of being the work of amateur •
engravers, who miderstood neither their material nor the use of their
tools.

There seems to be only a single brass which can in any sense be
described as a fine one, and that is the well-known memorial of
Samuel Harsnett, Archbishop of York, at Chigwell, Essex, 1631.
This man in his will, dated February 13, 1630, had given careful
directions as to the making of his brass. There was to be " a Marble
stone layde uppon my grave w^ a Plate of Brasse moulten into the
stone an ynche thicke haveinge the effigies of a Bysshoppe stamped
uppon it w^ his Myter and Crosiers stafTe but the Brasse to be soe
rivited and fastened cleare throughe the Stone as sacrilegious handes
maye not rend off the one w**"*"^ breakinge the other." And the ^
result was distinctly good. The thickness of the metal, even if it
falls short of the required inch, is sufficient to have ensured the con-
dition of the engraving, which is still very perfect. Brass and stone
are not divided, though they have been removed from the grave and
placed upright against a wall. The figure of the archbishop measures
nearly 6 feet, and he is vested in rochet and chimere, a figured cope,
and swelling mitre. A small book is in his right hand, and his left
holds the crozier, which has a crook with a rose in the volute. His
face is life-like, with a great hooked nose and a long beard. There
are four shields of arms, for Harsnett, and Harsnett impaling each of
the three bishopricks which he successively held, and a broad border
fillet with the evangelists at the comers.

" Hie iacet Samuel Harsnett quondam vicarius huius £cclesiae
primo Indignus Episcopus Cicestriensis Deindignior Episcop' Nor-
wicencis Demum Indignissim' Archiepiscop' Eboracen qui obiit xxv
die Mali Anno Dni 1631.'' Below his feet are also the words,
" Quod ipsissimum Epitaphium ex abundanti | humilitate sibi poni,
Testamento curavit | Reverendissimus Praesul."

Of parochial clergy only half a dozen have been recorded for the
reign —

Stoke Brueme, Northants., 1625, Rich. Lightfoot, rector, qd. pi.

Acle, Norfolk, 1627, Thos. Stones, demi.

Upper Boddington, Northants., 1627, Wm. Procter, rector.

Abergavenny, Monm., 1631, Maurice Hughes, vicar.

Bigby, Lines., 1632, Edw. Nayler, rector, and wife, kn.

Husbands Bosworth, Leics., 1648, Rice Jem, rector.

296 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

One more bishop is commemorated, but only by a mitre and
inscription. This is for Arthur Lake, D.D., Bishop of Bath and
Wells, in Wells Cathedral, 1626; and there are two other "mitre
brasses" in the years to come, one in 1650, for John Prideaux, D.D.,
Bishop of Worcester, at Bredon, Worcester, and the last in 1 661, in
Westminster Abbey, for Henry Feme, S.T.D., Bishop of Chester.

There is now a complete change in civilian costume. The long
gown is given up, and gentlemen appear in tunics with falling collars,
knee-breeches, stockings, shoes or high jack-boots, and a short cloak
fastened loosely at the neck. Ladies have at the same time aban-
doned the farthingale and the bonne-grace, and generally wear more
graceful gowns, with ruffs or flailing collars, and a light veil over
the head.

Armour is seldom worn, and then chiefly in demi-suits, consisting
merely of the cuirass, connected with laminated plates to protect the
thighs, and small knee-pieces. Tassets were no longer required
when trunk-hose had been abandoned, and the tall jack-boots did
away with the necessity for defences for the legs and feet. But a
good many variations occur amongst the examples now given —

Dinton, Bucks., 1628, Simon Mayne, Esq., and wife.

Newington-juxta-Hythe, Kent, 1630, Hen. Brockman, Esq., and wife.

St. Columb, Cornwall, c, 1630, Sir John Arundel and wife.

Sotterley, SufTolk, c, 1630, Christopher Playters, Esq.

Compton Verney, Warw., c, 1630, Geo. Vemey, Esq.

Kettering, Northants., 1631, Edm. Sawyer and wife, qd. pi.

St. Columb, Cornwall, 1633, John Arundel and wife.

Harlow, Essex, 1636, Rich. Bugges, Esq., and two wives.

Loughton, Essex, 1637, Abel Guilliams, gent., and wife.

Cardington, Beds., 1638, Sir Jarrate Harveye and wife.

Penn, Bucks., 1638, Wm. Pen, Esq., and wife.

East Sutton, Kent, 1638, Sir Edw. Filmer and wife, qd. pi.

St. Michael Penkevil, Cornwall, r. 1640, John Boscawen, Esq., qd.pl.

Penn, Bucks., 1641, John Pen, Esq., and wife.

Shepton Mallett, Somerset, 1649, Wm. Strode, Esq., and wife, qd. pi.

A few brasses besides that of Archbishop Harsnett still have
marginal inscriptions, and are therefore of more consequence than
the rest Two of the best are to be seen at Teynham, 1639, and
Ash-next-Sandwich, 1642, both in Kent. Another, to George Coles
and his two wives, 1640, at St. Sepulchre's, Northampton, is worth

CAROLINE DECADENCE 297

quoting more particularly. The man is in the usual costume of
tunic, breeches, and hose, with loose cloak, fisdling collar, and large
bows to shoes and garters. His wives are in tall, broad-brimmed
hats, ruffs, pointed stomachers, and plain skirts. There are also two
plates of children, and an emblem of two hands joined together. A
rectangular plate bears the following words —

*' Farewell true friend Reader Understand
By this mysterious knott of hand in hand
This Emblem doth (what friends must fayle to doe)
Relate our Friendshipp and its firmnes too
Such was our love not time but death doth sever
Our Mortall parts but our Immortall never
All things doe vanish here belowe above
Such as our life is there such is our love."

And the marginal inscription^ both being in plain capitals — " Here
resteth y* body of Mr. George | Coles of Northampton w*^ his 2
wives Sarah and Eleanor by whom he had 12 | children he gave to
pious uses I xi* yearely for ever to this towne and deceased y' first
of January 1640."

This was, of course, a time when point lace was much worn, but
it is seldom attempted on brasses. Reference, however, may be
made to the small brass of Thomas Holl, at Heigham, Norfolk, 1630.
But for the execrable drawing — a series of feeble scratches upon the
metal — the figure would be valuable, as showing us the finished beau
of the time of Charles I. He has long, carefully crimped hair, a
lace neckband, a scarf, and laced edges to his boots, with a ridicu-
lous little sword fastened at his left side. The brass was doubtless
the work of a " local artist."

Regular provincial schools of engraving are not to be looked for.
Nevertheless, particular brasses must often have been made locally
and in unsuitable places. In this manner, Quethiock, in Cornwall,
has a very curious " local " brass, mural in the south transept of the
church, to Richard Chiverton and his wife, 1631. The component
plates are arranged in a large slab of Cornish slate, with an orna-
mental carved border, such as is extremely common throughout the
eastern part of the county. The principal figures are each about
18 inches in height, in the usual dresses of the period, and with scrolls
round their heads, the one, " Richard Chiverton £squire dyed the
28 day of iuly a.d. 161 7," and the other, " Isabell his wife the 25 day

298 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

of May 1 63 1." A shield of arms bears a castle embattled, impaling
a saltire invecked ermine. The children, six sons and five daughters,
are all on one plate, with very peculiar and ugly heads, and no feet.
There are two sets of verses, engraved separately, which are also
peculiar, and yet in some sense typical, at any rate of the feeling and
taste of the age —

" Friends (who ere you be) forbeare
On this stone to shed a teare
Keepe thine oyntement for indeede
Bountye is made good by neede
Here are they whose amber eyes
Have embalmed the obsequies
Who will thicke you doe them wrooge
Ofiferinge what to them belonge
Besides this their sacred shrine
Sleights the myrrhe of others eyene
Then forbeare when these growe dry
We will weepe both thou and I."

The second, which is below the lady, is more emblematic —

'* My birth was in the moneth of May
And in that moneth my nuptiall day
In May a Mayde a Wife a Mother
And now in May nor one nor other
So flowers floarish soe they fade
So things to be undone are made
My stalke here withers yet there bee
Some lovely branches sproute from mee
On w'^h bestowe thine Aprill rayne
So they the livelier may remayne
But heere forbeare for why tis sayd
Teares fit the livinge not the dead."

A figure very similar to that of Isabel Chiverton, and of about
the same date, is in the church of St. Mary Magdalen, Launceston,
and is here illustrated. The engraver of both brasses was probably
a silversmith in the town of Launceston.

The only other Caroline memorials that need be mentioned are
a couple of " Cradle-brasses " at Windsor Castle, in St. George's
Chapel, dated 1630 and 1633, to the children of Dr. John King.
The first of them is sufficiently explained by its illustration, and the
inscription will be seen to be a characteristic one. The second is
of the same type, with the addition of a coat-of-arms bearing a lion

300 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

rampant crowned between 3 cross crosslets, and a skull engraved
upon the side of the cradle, which is without rockers.

APPENDIX (2)

The Last Few Brasses

It is not to be expected that many brasses would be laid down
during the years of the Commonwealth, from 1649 to 1660. In
fact, omitting inscriptions, there are only about a dozen, of which a
list may be given. Possibly there may be a few others, at this time
and later, which have not been recorded, for comparatively little
interest has ever been taken in these last few brasses. Of the earliest
brasses every example is well known ; of the latest, some may easily
have been passed over. And yet it is surely interesting to trace the
last stages of the decay, as well as the first steps, of an art so long
and so closely connected with the history and antiquities of England.
The following, then, are the known Commonwealth brasses : —

MiddletoD, Lanes., 1650, Ralph Assheton Esq., in armour, and wife.

Calboume, Isle of Wight, 1652, Dan. Evance, rector, qd. pi.

ClifTe, Kent, 1652, Bonham Faunce, gent., and two wives.

Haverfordwest, Pemb., 1654, John Davids, Esq., qd. pi.

Clovelly, Devon, 1655, Anne Gary, child.

Kirkheaton, Yorks., 1655, Adam Beaumont Esq., in armour, and wife.

Haccombe, Devon, 1656, Thos. Carewe Esq., and wife, qd. pi.

Boston, Lines., 1657, Thos. La we, mayor, demi.

Sheriff Hutton, Yorks., 1657, Mary Hall.

Halton Holgate, Lines., 1658, Bridget Rugeley, kn.

Llanrwst, Denbigh, 1658, Lady Mary Mostyn.

Barwell, Leics., 1659, Rich. Breton, gent., and wife.

The Calboume brass does not present an effigy of the rector
named, but only drawings of Time and Deaths with an inscription
upon a quadrangular plate. At Clovelly the Cary child is accom-
panied by a skeleton leaning on a spade.

Of the two men in armour the first, Ralph Assheton, Esq., of
Middleton, was a very prominent leader upon the Puritan side in
the Civil Wars, and is frequently alluded to in the current news-

I KING, 1630
. GKOBGB'S chapel, WINDSOR CASTLE

302 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

letters and in the despatches of Cromwell and others. He sat as
Member for Lancashire in the Parliament which met on November
3, 1640, and two years later was appointed a deputy-lieutenant for
the county, and afterwards major-general of the Parliamentary
forces and commander-in-chief. He is represented as standing, in
a swaggering attitude, with his left hand upon his hip and his right
holding a biton, before a kind of niche with semi-circular head.
His armour is a demi-suit; consisting of a skirted cuirass^ large
pauldrons, elbow-pieces, and laminar cuissarts continued right down
to the tops of his boots. His wife, in a very plain gown and veil,
stands in a similar niche.

Adam Beaumont, £sq., at Kirkheaton, was Assheton's son-in-
law, having married his eldest daughter Elizabeth. He and his wife
are small x 4-inch figures and very poorly engraved. His armour is
of the same type ; at his right hand kneels his infant son. The lady
carries a baby in her arms, and is attended by her elder daughter.
Beaumont was, no doubt, also a good Puritan, and " dyed in y* Lord
^yo ^Mi 1 5^ J, & of his age 25.'' A shield above the figures bears
(GuUs) a lien rampant {argent) armed and langued (azure) within an
arte of crescents {of the second) for Beaumont, impaling {Argent) on a
mullet {sable) an annulet {or), for Ashton.

From 1660 to the end of the century the following brasses have
been recorded : —

Milton, Cambs., 1660, John Harris and wife.

Llanrwst, Denbigh, 1660, 1669, 167 1, Sir Owen Wynne, Kath. Lewis,

and Dame Sarah Wynne.
Bawburgh, Norfolk, 1660, Philip Tenison, S.T.P., in shroud.
St. Mary's, Bedford, 1663, Mary Thome and three daughters.
St. Mary Norbury, Staffs., 1667, John Skrymsher, qd. pi.
Great Bookham, Surrey, 1668, Robt. Shiers, Esq.
Thornton Watlass, Yorks., 1669, Shrouded effigy on tomb.
Long Itchington, Warw., 1674, John Bosworth, yeoman, and two wives,

qd. pi.
Great Chart, Kent, 1680, Nich. Toke, Esq., and three daughters, kn.
Marsworth, Bucks., 1681, Edm. West, serjeant-at-law, in armour, and

wife, qd. pi.
Little Wittenham, Berks., 1683, Ann Dunch, child, qd. pi.
Bassingbourn, Cambs., 1683, Edw. Turpi n, gent, and wife.
Pimpeme, Dorset, 1694, Dorothy Williams, qd. pi.

THE LAST FEW BRASSES 303

The Llanrwst brasses are part of an interesting series of six, all
being lozenge-shaped plates now framed and glazed, and most of
them showing only the busts of the persons commemorated The
first is Sir John Wynne, 1620, the next his wife, 1632, the third his
eldest daughter Lady Mary Mostyn, 1658, and the others as in the

above list

The brass at St. Mary's, Bedford, once more introduces us to
history. It is one of three rectangular plates, an inscription to
William Thome, 1640, Mary Thome and three daughters, 1663, which
is the only one on which figures are engraved, and a shield with
inscription to " Giles Thome D' in Divinity chaplaine in Ordinary
to King Charls y* 2^ Arch Deacon of Buckingham and Rector of St
Maries and St Peters heare in Bedford who Deceased June y* 23.
1671." In 1642 the Justices of the Peace and inhabitants of Bedford
petitioned for his removal " as a turbulent and profane person." On
September 10 of that year he " spoke in favour of Confession," and
was committed to the Fleet on the evidence of one witness only.
He remained in prison five years, and was discharged in August,
1647.

Robert Shiers^ of Great Bookham, who is illustrated, is fairly
typical of the style of the period.

At Long Itchington, Warw., beneath the kneeling figures of John
Bosworth and his wives, drawn in debased style upon a plate about
2 feet 2 inches square, there is a lengthy inscription recording gifts of
lands and the foundation of several charities. It ends with four
verses particularly characteristic in their closing words of the self-
righteousness of pious persons of that age.

" All you that passe mee by
As yoQ are now soe once was I
^ As I am now soe shall you bee

Remember the poore & imitate mee.*'

Nicholas Toke of Great Chart, 1680, is shown kneeling on a
cushion, and in Jacobean armour with tassets, but with a falling collar
and long hair. His figure was, perhaps, copied firom an earlier
brass, for his three daughters, on a separate plate, are evidently of
very late work ; they kneel upon cushions, and hold books in their
hands, together with a rose, a lily-stem, and a palm-branch.

THE LAST FEW BRASSES 305

The eighteenth century apparently has but four brasses, as
follows : —

Leigh, Essex, 1709, John Price, Naval Commander, and wife.
St. Peter's, Leeds, Yorks., 1709, John Massie and family.
Newark, Notts., 171 5, Thos. Lund, mayor.

St Mary Cray, Kent, 1773, Benjamin Greenwood, Esq., qd. pL, and
Philadelphia Greenwood, qd. pi.

John Price was born at Cardiff, and became a commander of
several ships of war under William III. The Leeds brass of the
same date is a plate having in the upper part the effigies of seven
children. The figures are very rudely engraved^ and range in height
from 5 to 1} inches. In the centre is a shield of arms, with helmet
crest and mantling. The inscription sets out very fully the exact
ages of the children, together with the day of birth and day of death*
The whole is enclosed in a floriated border, with cherubs' heads at
the corners.

The Nottinghamshire mayor is accompanied by a skeleton, an
hourglass, and other devices.

The last two brasses stand quite by themselves, and are small
rectangular plates upon separate gravestones. They were evidently
engraved at the same time, and each has a pair of cherubs in the
upper comers. Benjamin Greenwood died in 1773, and wears the
Georgian costume of knee-breeches, long figured waistcoat, and a
coat with open skirts. His right hand points to a three-masted ship,
and his left to a skull. His wife died in 1747, and has a plain gown
and a veil. Both are but feebly scratched upon the metal.

CHAPTER XII

CONCLUSION

BRASSES AND DESPOILED SLABS

THE lamentable destruction of brasses at the period of
the suppression of the monasteries and during the
years which followed has already been considered in
the tenth chapter, and it was pointed out that the parish
churches did not escape the ravages caused by the greed and
bigotry of those times. Two illustrations will now suffice.

In Nightingale's Church Plate of Wiltshire the following
note is cited from the churchwardens' accounts of the church of
St. Thomas the Martyr at Salisbury. " 1 547-8. Item, for
brasse which was upon graves and tombes of brasse and a
laver of brasse altogether weynge 1 1 c at xviii the hundred
S'ma xxxvi s."

Very similarly at Thame in Oxfordshire, where there are
still eleven brasses of great interest, there is sufficient evidence
that many more have been lost in the past. In the church-
wardens' accounts for 1550 the following significant entry may
be found: — "It'm for Ixxxi" of Brasse and lattayns sold to
Young the Brasyer after the rat of i id. p' pound xiiLf. viflf."

These are of the early spoliations, and instances might be

easily multiplied. Haines has mentioned a great many in the

closing pages of his Introductory volume, and it is unnecessary^

to repeat what he has said already. Nearly every other writer

upon the subject has also a number of pitiable instances of

spoliation and loss.

306

CONCLUSION 307

Nor was it confined to the age of the Reformation. A
further wave of fanatical destructidn swept over the churches
during the Civil War and the Commonwealth, when com-
missioners were appointed by the Parliament in every county
to " reform " the parish churches. The excuse generally made
for destroying brasses was that they included "Superstitious
inscriptions," and it is therefore a common matter to find the
opening and closing clauses, which contain prayers for the
soul, often to have been wholly or partially erased by friends
or descendants of the persons commemorated, in order to save
them from the hands of the commissioners. This is particularly
the case in London and its neighbourhood. There was also
much loss of brasses throughout the eighteenth century, chiefly
through carelessness and neglect, utter ignorance of the value
of such memorials, and lack of consideration for all sacred
things.

Again two or three instances must suffice. Durham
Cathedral, like most of the other cathedrals of England, is
now totally despoiled of its brasses, though formerly it could
boast a large and beautiful series. Three times it has suffered
spoliation. The first was by the iconoclastic zeal of William
Whittingham, who held the Deanery from 1563 to 1579.
Wood, in his Athena Oxoniensis^ vol. i. p. 154, says of him :
" He also defaced all such stones as had any picture of brass
or other imagery work, or chalices wrought upon them, and
the residue he took away, and employed them to his own use,
and did make a washing house of them." The Rites of
Durham^ 1 593, Surtees Soc., vol. xv., also contains an account
of the destruction wrought by him.

Such of the monuments as had escaped the reforming dean
were mutilated in 1640 by the Scots, when they invaded
England after the repulse of the Royal army at Stella Haugh ;
when, with poetic justice, the inscription on a brass over the
grave of Dean Whittingham was torn away. Ten years later
the tombs again suffered, being defaced by the Scotch prisoners

3o8 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

confined in the cathedral after the battle of Dunbar. To the
destruction wrought by war and rebellion there was added also
the Vandalism of ignorant " restoration," for in the repairing of
the cathedral, which was carried out during the seventeenth
century, many of the interesting matrices perished, only three
now remaining.

The final destruction of the brasses, however, took place in
1799, and is recorded in Fordyce's History of Durham^ vol. i.
p. 283 ; the Chapter House then " was held to be too large,
and doomed to destruction, for no other purpose than to make
a comfortable room. Accordingly a man was suspended by
tackle above the groining, and knocked out the keystone,
when the whole fell, and crushed the pav^d floor, rich with
gravestones, and brasses of the bishops and priors, not one of
the inscriptions of which had been copied or preserved in any
form."

Of Lincoln Cathedral, Evelyn writes in 1654 that "The
soldiers had lately knocked off most of the brasses from the
gravestones ; they went in with axes and hammers, and shut
themselves in till they had rent and torn off some barge-loads
of metal." This was simply for plunder, and in a later tablet
on the wall of the west porch the men are referred to as
" Cromwellii flagitiosus grex." The antiquary Browne Willis,
in A Survey of the Catludrals of Lincoln^ Ely^ Oxford^ and
Peterboro\ says that in 17 18 he counted "about 207 matrices."
He also states that the epitaphs as they remained in 164 1 were
near 1 50, nearly a third more than were in Old St Paul's, and
more than were in York. In 1782 the repaving of the
cathedral was begun ; and before 1791 all the matrices had
disappeared, or were removed into the choir aisles and cloisters,
where a large number still remain.

A single parish church, that of St. Margaret's, King's Lynn,
shall supply a further example of eighteenth-century loss. In
1738 a list of the brasses was published in Mackerell's History
of Lynn, There were eleven figure-brasses and twenty-three

CONCLUSION 309

inscriptions, of which there are now left only the two great
foreign plates of Walsokne and Braunche, and three inscriptions.
In 1 74 1 the beautiful spire of the church, 244 feet in height,
was blown down on to the roof of the nave in a dreadful storm.
This caused a complete rebuilding of the nave. On June 17,
1742, it was "resolved that eighteen pence be paid to the con-
tractors for every grave stone they have taken up." On May
16, 1746, "it was ordered that the Old Brass and Old Iron be
immediately sold by the Churclwardens," and in the November
following " that no grave stones be laid down in any part of the
Church." The Walsokne and Braunche brasses were then in
the choir, and thus happily escaped. The equally magnificent
brass of Robert Attelath and his wife, 1376, was also still
preserved in 1780, when an impression of part of it, now in
the British Museum, was taken by Craven Ord. A few years
later it was " given out of the church by the churchwardens to
a person who sold it for five shillings to a brass-founder."
One more brass survived till the year 1800, when it was stolen
by a sexton, who was charged with his fault, and threatened
with the loss of his place ; in consequence of this he hanged
himself in the belfry.

The fate of most stolen brasses was to be melted down by
'tinkers and brasiers, but occasionally they were used for alien
purposes. Thus, at York Minster a turret which had been
erected upon the lantern tower in 1666 was demolished in
1803. It was surmounted by a weathercock, and this was
found to have been entirely constructed out of a large brass
inscription, which is now preserved in the vestry.

Another inscription at Royston, Herts., was found in 1891
doing duty as the door-scraper of a house, and was removed to
the Archaeological Museum at Cambridge. A third brass,
part of a foreign plate, had been made into a sundial, and was
exhibited at the Bristol meeting of the Archaeological Institute
in 1851, though its whereabouts is now unknown. And, once
again, the Surrey Archaeological Society possesses an interesting

3IO THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

quadrangular brass to a knight and lady of the Compton
family, c. 1 500, and bearing their badge and motto several
times repeated, a fire-beacon, and the words, ^'So have I
cause," which came originally from Netley Abbey, Hants., and
was found in a cottage at the back of a fireplace, blackened,
but uninjured.

After such repeated losses, and especially the systematic
destruction of the Protestant and Puritan iconoclasms of the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the marvel is that so
many brasses should still remain.

Mr. Belcher has illustrated more than seven hundred in
Kent alone, and Mr. Farrer has recorded over one thousand
for Norfolk. These numbers, of course, include inscriptions,
which in the Norfolk list are in a proportion of about three
to one to figure-brasses, the county being practically complete.
It is interesting to notice how brasses are distributed through-
out England. In the first place, it is in the country churches
that they are chiefly, indeed, almost exclusively, found, simply
because it was the out-of-the-way places that escaped the
Protestant fury. At the same time the general distribution
of brasses has been found to follow marked geographical lines.
They are most numerous in the country round London, and
to the north and west of the metropolis, the eastern counties
coming next. Taking the number of square miles in each
county in relation to the number of existing brasses, Middlesex,
Herts., Bedford, Buckingham, and Oxford will come first
They are followed by the three counties nearest to London
on the south, Kent, Surrey, and Berkshire ; then the counties
of Essex and Suffolk, and then Norfolk, Cambridge, and
Northamptonshire, counties lying at some distance from
London and on the outskirts of the main group. After these
we have a group of counties which form a complete semi-
circle round the first, and then the further from London the
fewer the brasses. Cornwall is a partial exception, apparently
because it escaped a good deal of the spoliation, being

CONCLUSION 311

essentially Catholic in the early days, and loyal to church and
king in the seventeenth century.

Of individual counties, Kent on the one hand, and Norfolk,
Suffolk, and Essex on the other, have actually the laigest
number of brasses, but in each case the area is considerable.
Oxford and Buckingham follow, and then Hertfordshire,
small in size, but rich in brasses.

Besides brasses, there still remain a very great number of
despoiled slabs, which are often of the highest value. In both
the earlier spoliations, except where entire churches were
destroyed, as were those of the monasteries, the gravestones,
robbed of their brasses, were still themselves left in their
places. And thus they still fulfilled a primary object of their
existence, which was to cover and mark the resting-places of
the dead. In fact, it may be said that it was the stone which
was of the first importance, the essence of the memorial, while
the brass-work was only its accident. Apart from the stone,
the brass was almost meaningless, and therefore most early
inscriptions began with the words " Hie jacet," or " Gist ici."
The irreparable destruction of the gravestones was reserved
for more modern times, beginning with the eighteenth century,
and, unhappily, continuing in some degree to the present
time; for in these latter days the opposite tendency has
greatly prevailed, to " preserve " the brasses, and to destroy
the stones in which they were set, and without which they
oflen lose half their value and most of their meaning. Strange
though it may seem, a large responsibility must be laid at the
door of the revival of Gothic architecture, and the too great
zeal for what is called *' thorough restoration " which accom-
panied it The architects and clergy of the last two genera-
tions have unfortunately wrought much havoc amongst the
art and antiquities of the times whose memory they wished
to preserve ; and it is the more surprising when we remember
that the engraving and setting of monumental brasses was
just one of those arts which were most closely connected

312 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

with the rise and fall of ancient Gothic architecture in
England.

The value of brasses and slabs alike, separately or in
combination, was too often altogether unrecognized. They
were allowed to go the way of high-backed deal pews, church-
warden wood-mullioned windows, obstructive galleries, or bed-
post communion rails. A conventional flooring of pretty
tiles, the insertion of a heating apparatus, the building of an
organ in a side aisle or chapel instead of in a proper chamber,
the undue raising of an altar ; any excuse has been deemed
sufficient, and valuable — nay, priceless — memorials have been
cast out into churchyards or broken up for building purposes,
treated as things of no worth.

Even when the brasses, or fragments of them, received by
chance a little grudging recognition, they were often incon-
tinently nailed or cemented to some neighbouring wall, where,
being usually out of place, they cease even to be objects of
beauty. An entire set would rarely be preserved, though it
might include canopies, labels, shields-of-arms, and other
most precious and instructive accessories. Moreover, the place
chosen would as likely as not be some dark vestry, as at
Camberwell, under Sir Gilbert Scott ; or beneath an organ
loft, as at St. John's College, Cambridge, under the same
architect ; or hidden away in a crypt, as very recently at
Truro Cathedral, under no less modem an architect than Mr.
Pearson.

But times are again changing, and we begin to know the
worth even of our despoiled slabs. It is not too late to mend.
Those that remain are like ancient rings which have lost their
jewels, but should be prized for the value of their settings.
But it is still very necessary for antiquaries to continue to
strive after an improved public opinion in the matter, especially
amongst clergy and architects. The process is slow, and it
is necessary at once to stop, if possible, the tearing up of
brasses to be nailed upon walls, or otherwise misused, and

CONCLUSION 313

the destruction of the gravestones to which they belong.
Many slabs are of great antiquity, and some are unique.
They also are still fairly abundant, in a proportion of at least
three to two in regard to existing brasses.

A considerable number of the despoiled slabs of England
are still uncatalogued and practically unknown, while others
are beginning to receive the attention they deserve. Matrices
of early cross-legged knights, for instance, are recorded at
Emneth, Norfolk, c. 1290, with a canopy like that of Margarete
de Camoys (cf. p. 28), but surmounted by a fine tabernacle
at the finial, at Hawton, Notts., 1308, and at Aston Rowant,
Oxon., 1 3 14. Another cross-legged knight, only 28 inches in
length, and upon a bracket, is indented upon a slab at Lynwode,
in Lincolnshire. A unique series of extremely large cross
brasses, with shrines at the foot, and kneeling figures, can still
be traced in Ely Cathedral. Two very early bishops, of the
years 1247 and 1256, are recorded at Salisbury. The first is
Robert Bingham, and his brass occupied a raised tomb in the
north aisle of the choir, surmounted by a rich architectural
canopy. His stone slab retains the outline of a large floriated
cross, bearing at the intersection of its limbs the demi-
figure of a bishop, surrounded by four lozenges, on which
were probably the evangelistic symbols. The whole of the
crozier is introduced, arranged in an almost parallel line
with the stem of the cross. Bingham's successor, William of
York, has a similar tomb upon the opposite side of the
choir, with a demi-figure and crozier indented in the stone,
but no cross.

And finally— and a description of this matrix, taken from
an article by the Rev. H. E. Field in the Transactions of the
Monumental Brass Society ^ may well form a fitting conclusion
to a volume upon the brasses of England — there is the glorious
slab at Durham, which once contained the brass of Bishop
Beaumont, larger and perhaps more beautiful than anything
which now survives. Its size is more than 1 5 feet in length

CONCLUSION 315

by nearly 10 feet in breadth, and the superb matrix, still lying
in the choir of the cathedral, is in excellent preservation, and
carefully protected by a thick carpet, though every fragment
of the brass is gone. It is minutely described in The Rites of
Durham^ a book written apparently towards the end of the
sixteenth century by one who had been an inmate of the
monastery : —

"Ludovick de Bellomonte, Bishopp of Durham, lyeth buried

before the High Altar in the Quire, beneath the steppes that goe upp

to the said High Altar, under a most curious and sumptuous marble

stonn, which hee prepared for himselfe before hee dyed, beinge

adomed with most excellent workmanshipp of brasse, wherein he was

most excellently and lively pictured, as hee was accustomed to singe

or say masse, w'th his mitre on his head and his crosiers stafife in his

hand, with two angells very finely pictured, one of the one side of

his head and the other on the other side, with censors in theire hands

sensinge him, conteining most exquisite pictures and images of the

twelve Apostles devided and bordered of either side of him, and next

them is bordered on either side of the twelve Aposdes in another

border the pictures of his ancestors in theire coat armour, beinge of

the bloud royale of France and his owne armes of France, beinge a

white lyon placed uppon the breast of his vestment, beneath his verses

of his breast, with flower de luces about the lyon^ two lyons pictured

one under the one foote of him and another under the other of him,

supportinge and holdinge up his crosier's stafie, his feete adjoyninge

and standinge uppon the said lyons, and other two lyons beneath

them in the nethermost border of all, beinge most artificially wrought

and sett forth all in brasse. Marveilously beautifyinge the said

through of marble : wherein was engraven in brasse such divine and

celestiall sayinge of the Scripture which he had peculiarly selected

for his spirituall consolation, at such time as it should please God to

call him out of his mortalities'

To this description the lines on the matrix exactly corre-
spond. Bishop Beaumont was elected in 13 17 and died in
1333, and was one of the most unfit persons for the office of

3i6 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

a bishop that ever held the See of Durham. In person he
was a maimed cripple, and his mental capacity was con-
temptible. He seems to have been determined to outshine
all his predecessors by the magnificence of his grave, however
unequal he might have been to them while living.

INDEX OF PLACES

Every brass men Honed in the preceding pages is indexed under its county and place-
name, and with its known or approximate date^ The index is thus also a guide to
the mast interesting brasses in each county.

Bedfordshire —
Ampthill, 14S0, 167 ; 1520, 233
Aspley Guise, HIO, 124 ; i4P0, 194
Bedford, St. Mary, 1668^ 302, 303

St. Paul, 3, 4 ; lB78j 276
Biddenham, IMOy 214
Bromham, 1485, 152, 266
Cardington, 1540, 231 ; 1638, 296
Cople, lUO, 161, 180 ; 1415, 163 ;

15a0, 225 ; 1544, 178, 231 ; 1556,

239 ; 1568, 180
Dean, 1501, 116

Dunstable, 1450, 163, 167 ; 1640, 246
Eaton Socon, 1400, 161
Elstow, 1525, 131, 133
Eyworth, 1624, 280, 281
Flitton, 1545, 225
HolweU, 1515, 204
Houghton Conquest, 1493, 220, 222 ;

1500, 221
Houghton Regis, 1606^ 106
Luton, 1510, 116; 1513, 225
Marston Morteyne, 1451, 157
NorthiU, 1582, 225
Pottesgrove, 1568, 258
Shillington, 1400, 120
Sutton, 1516, 82
TUbrook, 14O0, 161
Tottemhoe, 1524, 106
Turvey, itfOO, 1 16
Wimington, 1391, 58, 167, 171 ;

14S0, 147, 152 ; 1510, 106
Yelden, iidif, 105 ; 1617, 287

Berkshire —
Abingdon, 1501, 140
Appleton, 1518, 214
Ashbury, 1360, 56 ; 1409, 120 ; 1#49,
122

Berkshire — continued.
Binfield, 1558, 131, 256
Bisham, 253
Blewbury, 1^6, 105; 1528, 230;

1549, 240
Bray, 1378, 8. 52, 55, 75 ; W5,

176; 1600, 286
Brightwell, 1507, 106
ChUdrey, 1444, 44, 192 ; U80, 105 ;

1490, 105 ; 1507, 213, 234 ; 1514,

234 ; 15ia9, 214, 234 ; 1529, 141
Cookhiun, lff77, 259
Denchworth, 156;3, 253
Farringdon, 1471, 173, 198; 1547, 240
Hanney, W., 1370, 75 ; 1557, 239 ;

1599, 277
Hurst, 1600, 284
Lamboum, 1485, 230
Reading, St. Laurence, 1538, 254

St. Mary, 1416, 82
Shottesbrooke, 1370, 58, 104, 126;

1401, 163 ; 1511, 223
Sporsholt, 1860, 79, 80, 104
Swallowfield, 1554, 239
Tidmarsh, 1500, 230
Tilehurst, 1499, 200
Wantage, 1320, 14, 32 ; 1414, 150 ;

1510, 140
Welford, 1490, 140
Windsor Castle, 275 ; St George's

Chapel, 1475, 192, 194 ; 1522, 73,

118, 218, 219; 1630, 298, 301;

1699, 298
Wittenham, Little, 1483, 105 ; 1454,

200; 1472, 198; 1469,200; 15S5,

277, 278 ; 1688, 302

Buckinghamshire —
Amersham, 1499, 162

3i8 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Buckinghamshire — <ontinued.
Aylesbury, 255
Bletchley, 1^1%^ 287, 288
Caversfield, ISBB^ 2Xfi
Chalfont St. Peter, 144&^ 162 ; iM5,

106, 267
Chenies, i469, 200 ; 1510 ^ 210, 227
Chesham Bois, VM^ 228 ; 1S52, 239
Chicheley, 15SB^ 168, 171 ; 15^^ 215
Claydon, Middle, 164S^ 225
Clifton Reynes, ISOO^ 213
Crawley, North, iffS9, 2%
Dachet, 15Pd, 244
Denham, 284 ; i44t>, 131, 133 ; 1640^

131, 133 ; 1545, 255
Dinton, 155U 339 ; ^629, 296
Drayton Beauchamp, 1569, 52, 53,

54
Emberton, 1410^ 105

Eton College, i489, 116 ; i505, 116 ;

1592^ 123; i5j35, 141 ; 1535, 106;

iMO, 124; 1545, 141
Haddenham, iiCdO, 105
Halton, 155B, 180
Hampden, Great, 15^, 225; i559,

239
Haversham, 1B05, 215
Hedgerley, 1540, 235, 254
Hitcham, 1551, 239
Hitchendon, l^H, 105
Horwood, Great, 1487, 140
Iver, 150B, 222

Lillingstone Dayrell, 1^1, 222
Linford, Great, l^Effl, 200
Marsworth, 16S1, 302
Milton Kepes, 14Sff, 105
Penn, 154b, 214 ; 1638, 296 ; lUl,

296
Quainton, 1560, 55 ; 1429, 122 ; 1485,

122
Risboroagh, Monks, 1451, 105
Shalton, 1540, 131
Taplow, 1550, 47» 79. 80; 1455,

211 5 1«0, 225, 256
Thornton, 14St%, 72, 180, 184, 185,

i88, 19s
Tingcwick, IBOS, 287, 292
Turweston, 1450, 105
Twyford, 1550, 239
Upton, W2, 211 ; 1517, 225 ; 1599,

277
Waddesdon, 1548, 214, 238
Whaddon, ^19, 180
Winchendon, Over, 1515, 131, 133
Woobum, 151P, 123; 1520, 214,

234,247

Cambridgeshire—

Balsham, 1401, 71, 120, I27» 128 ;

1452, 70, 122, 185
Bassingboum, ISBB, 302
Burwell, 1542, I08, 131, 132^ 238,

265
Cambridge —
Archaeological Museum, 309
Fitzwilliam Museum, 50
Christ's College, 1540, 141
King's College, 1495, 137, 140;
150f, 137, 140 ; 152S, 1 18 ; 1538,
118
Queens' College, 1555, 141
St. John's College, 312; 1410, 139
Trinity Hall, 1517, 123, 127;

1550, 141
St. Benet, 1^12, 137, 139
St. Mary-the-Less, l^iiO, 140;
1480, 140
Croxton, 1589, 286, 287
Ely Cathedral, ^\, 1%, 313; ^554,

112, 239; 1514,287,288
Fulbourn, 1391, 69, 120, 126 ; l^TT,

IDS

Girton, 145J9, 122 ; 1^S7, 122
Hildcrsham, lBnt9, 79, 80, 8x ; 1455,

187, 190; 1550, 214
Hinxton, 141Q, 152
Horseheath, 1382, 52
Impington, 1505, 230
Isleham, 1484, 185, 188
March, 1517, 230, 235
Milton, 1555, 180 ; 15^, 302
Quy, 1455, 187, 192
Sawston, 1500, 213
Shelford, Great, 141%, 122, 1 27
Shelford, Little, 1480, 140
Stapleford, 1517, 287
Trumpington, 1^89, 14, 18, 22
Westley Waterless, 1525, 14, 23, 24,

25, 33
Wilbrabam, Little, 1521, 136, 141
Wilburton, 14Sf7, 122
Wimpole, 1501, 123
Wood Ditton, 1323, 54

Cheshire —
Chester, Holy Trinity, 1545, 154, 256
Macclesfield, 1505, 233
Over, 1510, 223
Wilmslow, 1450, 187, 190
Wybunbury, 1513, 225

Cornwall —
Anthony, East, 1^^, 158

INDEX OF PLACES

319

CornvraW ^cofifinii^d.
Blisland, 1410, 106
Callington, 1466, 176
Cardynham, 1400, 124
St. Columb Major, 1646, 226 ; 16S0,

296 ; 1638, 296
Constantine, lff/4, 259
Crowan, 1430, 162
IllogaD, 1608, 277
St. Just, 16S0, 123
Lanherne Nunnery, 263
Lanteglos - by - Fowey , 1440, 1 56 ;

1696, 225
LauncestoD, 1680, 298, 299
Mawgan-in-P^er, 263
St Mellion, 1661, 239
St. Michael Penkevil, 1497, 222;

1516, 141 ; id^, 296
Quethiock, 1471, 200 ; i^i, 297
Stratton, 1661, 276
Truro Cathedral, 312
Wendron, 1636, 123

Cumberland —
Carlisle Cathedral, 1496, 112 ; 1616,

73, 1 10, 290
Crosthwaite, 1527, 225
Edenhall, 1468, 192
Greystoke, i5;95, 118

Derbyshire —

Ashboum, 1638, 217, 231
Ashover, 1607, 222 ; i5i0, 106, 205
Chesterfield, 1629, 231
Darley, 1664, 34
Dronfield, 1599, 106
Etwall, 1612, 234 ; 1667, 240
Hathersage, i465, 187; 1600, 230;

i560, 240
Kedleston, 1496, 222
Morley, iiffO, 166; 1^0, 188, 190,

i9i> 193 ; •'^^i 270, 271
Mugginton, 1476, iSS, 194
Norbury, 1559, 178, 254
Sawlcy, 1478, 200

Tideswell, 1483, 200 ; 1579, 112, 290
Walton-on-Trent, 1490, 106
Wilne, 1513, 230

Devonshire —
Atherington, 1640, 225
Braunton, 15^, 256
Chittlehampton, 14^, 200
Clovelly, 1640, 225 ; ifi55, 300
Dartmouth, 1408, 150
Exeter Cathedral, 1409, 147, 154;
i415, 120

Devonshire — coniinucd,
Haccombe, 1586, 276 ; 1666, 300
Shillingford, 1516, 230
Stoke Fleming, i59i, 55, 58
Stoke-in-Teignhead, 1870, 104
Thomcombe, 1437, 160
Tiverton, 1539, 234
Yealmpton, 1608, 222; 1590, 259,
261, 262

Dorsetshire —
Evershot, 1524, 106
Knowle, 1672, 276
Lytchett Matravers, 1470, 211
Melbnry Sampford, 1562, 240
Milton Abbey, 1565, 182, 240
Pimpeme, 1694, 35, 302
Puddlehinton, 1617, 287
Puddletown, 1524, 230
Purse Caundle, 1536, 103, 106
Sherborne, 114

Sturminster Marshall, 1581, 286
Yetminster, 1591, 225

Durham—

Billingham, 1^0, 1 16
Brancepath, 1456, 140
Durham Cathedral, 69, 307, 313, 314
Sedgefield, 1470, 211

Arkesden, 1440, i<6

Aveley, 1970, 52, 84, 94, 257 ; 1583,

228 ; 1584, 260
Barking, 135 ; 1480, 140
Bentley, Little, 1490, 194
Bocking, 1439, 152
Bowers Gifford, 1549, 47, 50
Braxted, Little, 1508, 222
Brightlingsea, 1400, 75
Bromley, Great, 1432, 105
Chesterford, Great, 1600, 228
Chigwell, 1(>51, no, 295
Chrishall, 1370, 52, 69
Dagenham, 1479, 131, 176, 178, 196,

197
Easton, Little, 1420, 105 ; 1485, 154,

195
Elmstead, 1500, 207
Elsenham, 1616, 287
Finchingfield, 1535, 230
Fryerning, 1560, 257
Gosfield, 1459, 180
Halstead, 1409, 144
Harlow, 1686, 296
Hempstead, 1519, 182

320 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Essex — totUinued.

Horkesley, Little, i4i2, 147-150;

i509, 213 ; i549, 240
Ingrave, Ufff^ 197 ; loOO^ 230
Laindon, l^^SO^ 105 ; 16l0y 108
Lambourne, 1546^ 244
Latton, 1^(57, 176 ; l^do, 222 ; i5;90,

106
Leigh, 1455, 200 ; 1709^ 305
Littlebury, i5iO, 106
LoughtOD, i657, 296
Ockendon, South, i400, 71
Pebinarsh, i5j90, 14, 21, 22
Roydon, i5jii, 230
St. Osyth's, lB40y 34
Sandon, i5i0, 244 ; 15S0^ 286
Shopland, i57i, 52
Stebbiog, 1BI90^ 56
Stifford, 1^5^ 126 ; i480, 210, 212
Stondon Massey, l&tOy 247; i575,

259
Strethall, 1499, 140
Thaxted, 1450, 140
Theydon Gemon, 1459, 122
Tiltey Abbey. iojO), 225
ToUeshtmt Darcy, 16S5, 131 ; 1540,

225, 256, 258
Upminster, 14b5y 198; 1640^ 131,

256 ; 1545, 258, 260
Walthamstow, 16^^ 244
Wimbish, 259 ; IMlf, 47, 50, 79, 80
Wyvenhoe, 1507^ 217, 222; 15B5,

106; ISBf^^ 227, 231

Gloacestershire —

Berkeley, 15j95, 210

Bristol—
St. John, 14SfB, 200
St. Mary Redcliff, 1^9, 173, 175 ;
14Sf5^ 192, 194; 1480, 200 J
1523, 180
St. Peter, 14&1, 105
Temple, IBm, 58 ; 14SO, 264
Trinity Almshouses, 1411, 162

Campden, Chipping, 1401, 162, 167,
168 ; 14e7y 200

Cheltenham, 1518, 178

Cirencester, 1488, 156; 1440, 163,
167, 168 ; 1449, 163 ; 14S2, 187,
188 ; 1479, 105 ; 1480, 124

Clifford Chambers, 1583, 276

Deerhurst, 1400, 40, 7ii 160, 173, 174

Dowdeswell, 1520, 123

Dyrham, 1401, 148

Eastington, 1518, 230

Fairford, 1500, 222 ; 1534, 231

Gloucestershire— cofitinued.
Gloucester, St. Mary de Crypt, 1529 ^

Lechlade, 1450, 167

Minchinhampton, 1510, 131, 213

Newland, 1445, 156

Northleach, 1400, 167, 168 ; 14^^
167, 168 ; 1459, 72, 163, 167-169,
185 ; 1495, 167 ; 1490, 168, 170 ;
15iN», 72, 168, 170; 1580, 124

Quinton, 1480, 131

Rodmarton, lisi, 200

Winterboame, 1370, 55

Wormington, 1605, 284, 285

Wootton-under-Edge, 1892, 54

Hampshire —
Crondall, 1370, 104, 126; 1631, 215
Dunmore, 1591, 256
Eversley, 1502, 82
Havant, 1418, 120, 127, 128
Kimpton, 1522, 225
Netley Abbey, 310
Odiham, 1540, 256 ; 1636, 228
Ringwood, 1416, 120, 127
Sherborne St. John, 1860, 56 ; 1498,

230 ; 1492, 234
Sombome, Kings, 13S0, 58, 59
Southampton, 1500, 123
Stoke Charity, 1482, 238
Thruxton, 1405, 72, 150-152
Wallop, Nether, 1436, 131
Winchester College, 1413, 1 16 ; 1450^
122, 126 ; 151^, 141 ; 1548, 123,

239» 256
St. Cross, 1382, 120 ; 1518, 106
Isle of Wight—
Arreton, 1430, 162, 166
Calliourne, 1880, 52 ; 1652, 300
Freshwater, 1370, 52
Shorwell, 1519, 124

Herefordshire —
Hereford Cathedral, 25 ; 1360, 69,
112; 1890, 79, 80; 1434, 122;
1435, 156; 1524, 235, 236; 1529,

72, 123
Ledbury, 1410, 139
Ludford, 1554, 239
Marden, 1514, 282, 283

Hertfordshire —
Aldbuiy, 1546, 231
Aldenham, 1547 ^ 214
Amwell, Great, 1400, 104
Aspcnden, 1508, 230

INDEX OF PLACES

321

Hertfordshire — €4mHnued,
Baldock, 1480^ 212
Barkway, 1461^ 200
Barley, 1621^ 287
Bayford, 1646, 2c8, 260
Bennington, 14S0, 124
Berkhamstead, Great, 1866^ 55, 56 ;

1365, 52 ; 1370^ 55 ; 1520, 214
Broxboume, i^O, 105 ; l^S, 37,

192, 194, 19s ; 1510, 141 ; 1531,

225
Buckiand, 14StB, 122
Cheshunt, 1449, 162 ; itf59, 197
Clothall, 1404, 106 ; 1519, 106, 234 ;

154i, 123, 127 ; 1602, 287
Digswell, 1415, 147, 157; i4S4,

212 ; 1^95, 243
Flamstead, 1414, 120
Hadham, Great, 1^199, 139; 1582,

244

Hemel Hempstead, 1400^ 163
Hertford, i4A5, 164
Hinzworth, 14S7, 243
Hitchin, i40«, 167; 1^0, 212;
i#8!5, 212 ; U90, 212 ; i499, 122,
123
Hunsdon, 1^95, 212
KelshaU, 1436, 162, 166
Knebworth, 1414, 120, 127, 147;

i589, 276
Langley, King's, 1B78, 259
Letdi worth, 1475, loq, 210
Mimms, North, 1360, 7^, 84, 93,

104, 202 ; 1488, 222 ; 1660, 276
Royston, 309 ; 1432, 139 ; 1500, 82
St. Albans —
Abbey, 1360, 84, 90-93, 103, no,
112; 1400, 265; 1401, 112;
1411, 167 ; 1450, 131 ; 1461,
71, 133, 142 ; J170, 131, 210;
1480, 188, 190; i5i9, 168;
1521, 131
St. Michael, 1880, 52, 58 ; ilOO,

79, 80
St. Stephen, 1482, 200
Sawbridgeworth, 1^3, 156; 1^0,
200 ; 1484, 210, 212 ; 1527, 230 ;
J(WO, 277
Standon, 1477, 167, 170
Stevenage, 1500, 123
Walkem, i5Sd, 260
Ware, 1464, 197
Watford, 1390, 56; 1415, 173
WattOn, 1361, 52 ; 1370, 132
Willian, 1443, 105, 210
Wormley, 1^9, 200 ; 14S0, 234

Y

Huntingdonshire —
Offord Darcy, 1530, 141
Sawtry, 1404, 148
Somersham, 1530, 108

Kent—
Addington, 1409, 148 ; 1470, 188
Ash, 1460, 197, 198; 1609, 277;

1549,296
Ashford, 1575, 55, 56
Aylesford, 1426, 152 ; 1545, 258
Beckenham, 1552, 240, 241
Bethersden, 1459, 200
Birchington, 1523, 106 ; 1538, 228
Birling, 206
Bobbing, 1420, 152
Borden, 1490, 116
Bottghton Malherbe, 1529, 225
Boughton-under-Blean, 15i97, 275
Boxley, 1461, 140
Braboum, 1434, 152
Bredgar, 1518, 141
Canterbury Cathedral, 63

St. Alphege, 1523, 11, 141

St. George, 1459, 122

St. Marzaret, 1470, 200

St. MarUn, 1591, 276

St. Mary Northgate, 1540, 231
Chart, Great, 1470, 182 ; 1513, 225 ;

1680, 302, 303
Chartham, 1306, 14, 19, 20, 22, 33 ;

1454, 122, 126 ; 1508, 116
Chelsfield, 1417, 82
Cheriton, 1474, 140
Chevening, 1596, 286
Cliflfe, 1552, 300
Cobham, 69 ; 1520, 14, 27, 68, 233 ;

1554, 52; 1865, 52; 1557, 52;

1S75, 55, 56 ; 1580, 56 ; 1395, 56 ;

1402, 162; 1405, 71, 148; 14C7,

71, 148; 1413, 116; 1420, 76;

1433, 158 ; 1447, 79, 80 ; 1505, 72,

227 ; 1529, 225
Cranbrook, 1520, 228
Cray, St. Mary, 1773, 305
Cuzton, 1545, 256
Dartford, 1402, 71, 158, 159 ; 1464,

197
, Deal, Upper, 1606, 228
Dover —

St. James, 1690, 286

St. Martin, 102
Downe, 1607, 279
Eastry, 1690, 275
Erith, 1435, 162 ; 1470, 198 ; 1471,

173 5 J574, 259

322 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Kent — continued.
Faversham, 1414^ 245 ; 1480^ 122 ;
1538, 71, 231, 232, 245; 1590,
245 ; 1610, 245
Goodnestone, 1507, 234
Graveney, 1370, 58 ; 1381, 52 ; 1436,

I73» i75» 210
Hailing, 15S7, 282
Halstow, High, 1618, 287
Hardres, Upper, 1405, 73-75, 139
Herne, 14S0, 152 ; 1450, 140 ; 1470,

198
Hevcr, 1419, 158 ; Id^O, 82 ; 1538,

154, 155, 225
Hoo St. Werburgh, 1412, 104, 105
Horsmonden, i^lO, 33, 104, 126
Ightham, 1528, 230
Kemsing, 1320, 14, 32, 126
Lee, 1^, 259
Leich, 1580, 215
LulTingstone, 1487, 222
Lydd, 1420, 139 ; i429, 162
Mailing, lE.2csX, 1522, 118
Margate, St. John, 1431, 158 ; i4^,

205 ; 1441, 162; i44&, 211, 212;

1582, 259, 264
Mereworth, 206 ; 1371, 52 ; 1479, 244
Milton-next-Sittingbourne, i49&, 230
Minster-in-Sheppey, 1330, 14, 21,

25-27, 30, 33 ■
Newington-juxta-Hythe, 1541, 211,

214 ; 1630, 296
Northfleet, 1375, 104, 125
Orpington, 1511, 123
OUerden, i408, 150
Penshurst, 1520, 82
Preston-by-Faversham, 1459, 187
Rochester, St. Marg., 204 ; 1465, 265
Saltwood, 1496, 207
Seal, ia95, 54
Sheldwich, 1394, 54, 69 ; 1431, 210-

212
Shorne, i5iP, 204
Southfleet, 1414, 76 ; 1520, 214
Stone, i408, 79, 80 ; 1574, 244
Stourmouth, 1^2, 140
Sutton, East, 16^8, 35, 296
Teynham, 1639, 296
Thannington, 1485, 222
Upchurch, 1540, 56
VVesterham, 1563, 258 ; 1567, 284
Wickham, East, 1535, 14, 29, 79, 80
Wickham, West, 1407, 104
Woodchurch, 15;30, 14, 29, 31, 78, 79
Wrotham, 151;3, 223; 15;35, 230;

1611, 277

I

Lancashire —
Eccleston, i4SS5, 122
Manchester Cathedral, 1458^ 116;

1515, 112; 1549, 256
Middleton, 1522, 108 ; 1650, yoo
Ormskirk, 1500, 230 ; 1661, 34
Sefton, 1568, 276
Winwick, 1492, 217, 230

Leicestershire —
Aylestone, 1594, 286
Barwell, 1614, 287 ; 1659, 300
BosworUi, Husbands, 164B, 295
Bottesford, 1404, 40, 71, 120, 12T,

127 ; 1440, 122
Bowden, Great, 14(^, 257
Castle Donington, 1458, 185, 187, 188
Leicester, Wigston's Hospital, 1543^

214
Loughborough, 1480, 200
Lutterworth, 1418, 161
Melton Mowbray, 1543, 207
Sibson, 155j9, 118
Stanford-on-Soar, 1400, 104
Stokerston, 1467, 188
Swithland, 14B5^ 197
Thurcaston, 1495, 122
Wanlip, 1393, 39, 54, 55

Lincolnshire —
Alg^rkirk, 1498, 168
Althorpe, 1370, 104
Barrowby, 1^9, 200 ; 1508, 230
Barton-on-Humber, 1380, 56 ; i455,

161
Bigby, 1632, 29J
Boston, 1398, 58, 70; 1400, 75, 120,

127 ; 16ff7, 300
Broughton, 1370, 52, 210
Buslingthorpe, 1290, 14, 16, 17, 38,

208
Cotes, Great, 1503, 131, 235
Croft, 1300, 14, 16
Edenham, 1500, 112, 115
Gedney, 1390, 56
Grainthorpe, 1380, 80, 82
Grantham, 67
Gunby, 1400, 71, 148, 149; 1419,

72, i73» 175 ; ^55^» 267

Halton Holgate, 1658, 300
Harrington, 1480, 198; 1585, 276
Horncastle, 1519, 214, 258
Irnham, 1390, 54
Langton, 1400, 148 ; 1549, 267
Lincoln Cathedral, 63, 104
St. Mary-le-Wigford, 1469, 82

INDEX OF PLACES

323

lincolnshire — coniinued.

Lynwode, 4, 313; 1419^ 72, 167,

170; 1421, 167, 170
Norton Disney, 68; 1580, 259,

263
Rauceby, 1536, 123
Scrivclsby, 1545, 226
Spilsby, 1S91, 56 ; 1410, 144
Stallingborough, 1541, 231
Stamford —

All Saints, 14$0, 167, 171, 172:
1^1, 198 ; 1508, 123

St. John, 14S7, 105
Stoke Rochford, 1^0, 188
Tattershall, 1411, 161 ; 1455, 154,

185 ; 1456, 105 ; W9, 185 ; 140?',

185 ; 1510, 123, 127 ; 1519, 106
Winthorpe, i50«?, 168
Wrangle, 1604, 173

Middlesex —
Chelsea, 1555, 240
Clerkenwell, St. James, 1656^ 112,
^ "55. 239

Ealing, 14^, 168, 171
Edgeware, 1599, 228
Enfield, 1470, 185, 198, 199
Finchley, 1610, 244
Fulham, 1529^ 95, 97, 214
Greenford, Great, 1515, 106
Hackney, 15Sff, 123 ; i54ff, 226, 258 ;
i«S, 287, 288 ' ' 3 '

Harefield, 1540y 225
Harrow, i370, 52, 75; 1590, 54;
1443, 122 ; 1460, 140 ; 1468, 122,
127 ; 1574, 259, 264
Hayes, 1S70, 104 ; 1450, 157 ; 1576,

276
Heston, 1681, 282
Hillingdon, 1509, 72, 217, 223, 224
Homsey, 1530, 214
Isleworth, 269; 1450, 157; 1544,

258; 1561, 131, 133; 1575,259
Kilbum, St. Mary, 1380, 132
London —
All Hallows Barking, 14ff7, 167,
171; 1489, 168; 1510, 235;
1518, 168 ; 1535, 95, 97, 246 ;
1546, 226, 256 ; 1592, 247, 248
Great St. Helen, 1482, 140 ; 1600,
140, 245 ; 1510, 223 ; 1514, 225 ;
1535, 231
St. Andrew Undershaft, 1559, 168,
171

St. Bartholomew- the-Less, 1^9,
162

Middlesex— f<>«/iV»««/.
London — continued,
St. Catherine, Regent's Park,

■'^^•9, 245
St. Olave, Hart Street, 1516, 170,

lemple Church, 21, 27
Westminster Abbey, 4, 23, 37, 50,
60, 66, 67, 71,. 80, loi, 114;
1395, 70, 112; 1397, 69, 107,
"2; '35 ; i599, 40, 56, 57, 69 ;
1437, 1 14, 152 ; 1488, 188 ; 1498,
72, 103, 112, 113; 1605, 222;
^5<W. 141, 284 ; 1661, 296
iintisli Musemn, 95, 309; 1473,

258 ; 1550, 240 ; 1575, 259
South Kensington Museum, 99
Mimms, South, 1448, 157
Northolt, 1560, 257 ; 1610, 287
Pinner, 1580, 228, 259
Willesdon, 149J3, 182 5 1517, 123

Monmouthshire —
Abergavenny, 1631, 295

Norfolk—
Acle, 1627, 295
Antingham, 156;?, 243
Attlebridge, 1486, 207 ; 1525, 203
Aylsham, 1490, u6; 1^9, 212;

1507, 213
Barton Turf, 14197, 203
Bawburgh, 1505, 213; 1531, 203,
^ 204 ; 1660, 215, 302 "^

Beachamwell St. Mary, 1385, 104
Bintry, 1510, 20^
BUckling, ^60, 58 ; 1401, 148 ; 1458,

197 ; 1512, 228
Brampton, 1468, 211
Brancaster, 14S5, 207

, Brislcy, 1531, 108
Buckenham, Old, 1620, 203
Burgh St. Margaret, 1608, 287
Burlingham, South, 1540, 203
Burnham Thorpe, 1420, 1 C2
Buxton. 1508, 203
Bylaugh, 1^1, n, 188; 1508, 203

^*!?i«^^^^' 2^3; -^5^, 124, 141;
1578,259

Clippesby, 1594, 277

Colney, 1502, 203

Creake, North, 1500, 124

Creake, South, 1509, 132

Cressingham, Great, 1518, 118

Crostwight, 1437, 203

Dunston, 1642, 215

324 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Norfolk— ^^^'MMk/.
Eliing, 1847, 47, 49
Emneth, 68, 313
Erpingham, 1415, 152
Fakenham, 1600, 207
Fclbrigg, 1880, 52, 585 1416, 147.

152, 153 ; isoe, 277

Felmingham, 1691, 257

Fincham, 1620, 214

Fransham, Great, 1414, 150; 1500,

213
Frenze, 1519, 131 ; 1630, 214
Frettenbam, i^^, 166
Guestwick, 1604, 203
Halvergate, 1640, 131, 256
Harling, West, 1^9, 105 ; i^^, 222
Hedenham, 1602, 203
Heigham, i650, 297
Helbrooghton, 1450, 207
Hellesden, 1870, 58, 233
Hindolyestone, 1551, 203
Holme-next-the-Sea, 1405, 161, 165 ;

1582, 259
Hunstanton, i50ff, 44, 45, 72, 76, 217,

230
Ingoldisthorpe, 1606, 287
Itteringham, 1481, 207
Ketteringham, i^9, 230; 1630, 214
Kirby Bedon, i^tdO, 205 ; 1605, 213
Loddon, 1462, 207 ; iff^, 214 ; 1561,

240
Ludham, i&d5, 207
Lynn, St. Margaret, 308 ; 1849, 84,

86, 88, 89 ; 1864, 84, 85, 87-90
Lynn, West, 1508, 108
Martham, 14S7, 207
MattishaU, 1607, 168
Merton, 1474, 206 ; 1620, 230
Methwold, i5tf7, 52, 69
Metton, 1662, 257 '
Morston, 1696, 286
Narburgh, i5i5, 235; 1666, 180,

256 ; 1561, 182, 276 ; i58i, 276
Necton, 1372, 55, 56 ; 1883, 56
Newton Flotman, 1671, 276
Northwold, i5Sl, 203
Norwich —

St. Andrew, 15;87, 243

St. Ethclred, 14B7, 105

St. George Colegate, 1^2, 76

St. Giles, 1432, 158; i499, 203

St. John Maddermarket, 1430,
166 ; 1472, 200 ; 1624, 76, 242 ;
1535, 76, 243 ; -^540, 131 ; 1658,
76, I3i» 25s

St. John Sepulchre, 1697, 274

Norfolk— €^Mi/SrVnMk/.
Norwich — continued.

St. Laurence, 1435, 162; 1435,
161, 162; 1497, 76, 131, 132;
1462 211 212

St. Michad^tt-Plea, 1688, 215

St. Michael Coslany, 1615, 203,
213

St. Peter Mancroft, 1568, 258, 263
Ormesby, Great, 1446, 206, 210;

1529, 22c ; 1558, 267
Paston, 1680, 259
Plnmstead, Little, 1J55, 276
Rainham, East, 1622, 141
Randworth, 1640, 206
Ravemngham, 1483, 191, 198
Reepham, 1891, 54, 69
Ringstead, Great, 1466, 106
Kougham, 1470, 176, 177 ; 1510, 228
Sail, 1440, 162; 1454, 211, 212;

1480, 257 ; 1482, 203
Salthouse, 1519, 203
Scottow, 1520, 203
Sculthorpe, 1^0, 182
Sharington, 1486, 105
Shemborne, 1458, 187, 189, 190
Shotesham, 15;99, 225
Sloley, 1500, 203 ; 1608, 203
Southacre, 1584, 42, 54 ; 1454, 207,

258
Sparham, 1490, 106
Stokesby, 1488, 222 ; 1505, 140
Strump^w, 1500, 203
Surlingham, 1450, 140; 1513, 208
Thwaite, 1469, 200
Tranch, 258 ; 1600, 203 ; 1580, 205
Upwell, 1428, 122, 123; 14S5, 103,

123
Walpole St. Peter, 15S7, 203
Walsham, North, 1519, 203 ; 1520,

203 J 1625, 244
Walsingham, Little, 1520, 203 ; 1632,

203
Witton, 1500, 131
Wiveton, 1612, 108; 1540, 214
Wiggenhall, 1460, 205
Wood Dalling, 1466, 105 ; 1510, 203

Northamptonshire —
Addington, Great, 1619, 106
Aldwinckle, 1463, 200
Ashby, Castle, 1401, 120, 127
Ashby St. Legers, 1494, 217, 230;

1600, 230; 1505, II ; 1510, 140
Barton, Earls, 1512, 182
Blakesley, 1415, 147, 152

INDEX OF PLACES

325

Northamptonshire — tontinued^
BUtherwycke, i5^, 239
Blisworth, iSOS, 222
Boddington, i5;97, 295
Brampton, Church, 1585, 215
Brington, Great, id40, 75, 139
Burton Latimer, 1500 ^ 213
Chacomb, 1^^^ 234, 244
Charwelton, IMl^ 225, 267
Cotterstock, l^dO, 76, 122, 127
Easton Neston, 1562^ 167, 168, 171,

239
Fawsley, liBB^ 223 ; 1515, 208, 209,

230 ; J557, 239
Floore, 1A9B^ 222 ; IfilO^ 234 ; 1557,

82
Green's Norton, 141^2^ 187, 190
Harrowden, Great, 1455, 76, 152
Higham Ferrers, 1557, 70, loi, 104 ;

14O0, 80 ; 1425, 165 ; 1498, 106 ;

1S04, 244 ; 1510, 207 ; 15;a5, 123
Kettering, t^ly 296
Lowick, Ufff, 192, 194
Marholm, 16B4^ 231
Newton-by-Geddington, 140t>, 78, 79
Newton Bromshold, 1495, 106
Northampton, St. Sepulchre, IMO^

296
Peterborough, 102
Preston Deanery, 1^212^ 277
Rothwell, U^l, 120
Stoke Brueme, 15j35, 287, 295
Sudborough, 1A16^ 102, 161
Tansor, HiO^ loj
Wappenham, 14SU 176, 178
Warkworth, 14dt>, 163
Woodford -by-Thrapstone, 15B0, 276
Woodford-cnm-Membris, 14)95, 105

Northumberland —
Newcastle, All Saints, liSQ, 95

Nottinghamshire —
Hawton, 313
Hickling, 1521, 106
Markham, East, U19, 157
Newark, 12^5, 84, 91, 92 ; 144Sf^ 173 ;

in5, 305
Ossington, if^l, 258, 260
Strelley, 1487, 222

Oxfordshire —
Aston Rowant, 313
Bampton, 1490, 116
Brightwell Baldwin, 1570, 39 ; 1^9,

I73» 176

Oxfordshire — continued,

Broughton, 1AX4, 158

Burford, 1437, 73, 76, 166

Cassington, 1414, 82 ; 1590, 215

Chalgrove, 1441, 156

Charlton-on-Otmoor, 14Sf5, 122

Checkendon, 1404, 71, 179, 180

Chinnor, 1B20, 14, 29, 30, 78 ; IB^l,
139; 1585, 51, 54, 55; 1585, 54;
1990, 56 ; Itm, 54 ; 1410, 161

Deddington, 1570, 58 ; 15^, 35

Dorchester, 1510, 131, 133

Ewelme, 1455, 152 ; 14R0, 140 ; 1^^,
257 ; 1517, 141 ; 151B, 225

Hampton Poyle, 1494, 156

Handborough, 15&T, 215

Plaseley, Great, 1^^, 116 ; 14^, 212

Heythorpe, Vi21, 225

Ipsden, 15^, 265

Lewknor, 1570, 126; 1580, 58

Lillingstone Lovell, 144B, 207

Mapl^urham, 1995, 69

Noke, 1598, 180

Northleieh, 1415, 152

Northstoke, 1970, 124

Norton, Chipping, 14B0, 161 ; 1451,
167

Nuffield, ISm, ^8

Oddington, Ifi^, 213, 214

Oxford-
All Souls College, 14Q0, 140 ; 1510,

136, 140
Christ Church Cathedral, 141^,

200; l^nf, 118, 239
Corpus Christ! College, 1550, 214
Magdalen Colltt;e, 14EfB, 140;

1^^, 122 ; 1500, 140; 1501, 136,

140 ; 15012^ 140 ; 1515, 1 18 ;

1595, 136, 141 J 1658, 239
Merton College, IBIO, 14, 29, 78,

126; m2, 79, 139; 1490, 76,

77. 136, 139 5 ^4^1 140 ; 1^1,

122, 127 ; 1519, 141
New College, 14S^, 120, 126 ; 1417,

72, 112; 1497, 139; 14A1, 137,

140; 14^, 140; Wil, 140;

1458, 140; 1479, 212; 1478,

140 ; 1^5, 140 ; 14194, 122, 126 ;

1508, 136, 140 ; 1510, 182 ; 1591,

123; 15215, 112
Queen's College, 1518, 118, 119,

123; 1515^ 73i "O, III, 287,

290, 291
Holjwell Church, 1522, 284
St. Mary Magdalen, 1^4, 259
St. Mary-the- Virgin, 15ff7, 116

326 THE BRASSES OF* ENGLAND

Oxfordshire — continued,
Oxford — continued,

St. Peter-in-the-£ast, lSr4, 259,
260
Rollright, Great, 159Z, 106
Rotherfield-Greys, 1397 ^ 54
Shipton-uoder-Wychwood, 1548^ 215,

255
Shirbum, 14B3^ 234

Somerton, 1552^ 182, 239

Souldeme, 1508^ 106

Stanton Harcourt, 14S0^ 200 ; 1519^

106

Stoke Lvne, 1BB5^ 238

Stokenchurch, 1410, 163 ; 1412^ 163

Swinbrook, 1510, 230

Tew, Great, 1410, 72, 150; 1500,

234
Tliame, 306 ; 14$0^ 187, 188 ; 1502,

168, 170; 1539, 231

Waterperry, 1370, 55, 56 ; 1537, 267

Watlington, 1501, 213

Whitchurch, 1456, 105 ; 1^10, 287

Witney, 1500, 168, 170, 234

Woodstock, 1441, 161

Rutland—
Casterton, Little, 1410, 148, 149
Liddington, 1530, 225

Shropshire —
Acton Bumell, 1382, 54, 69
Adderley, 1390, 112, 115 ; 1550, 276
Burford, 206 ; 1370, 56
Edgmond, 1533, 214
Tong, 14167, 188, 190; 1510, 116;

1517, 141, 204
Upton Cressett, 1640, 34
Withington, 1530, 123

Somersetshire —
Cheddar, 14!60, 198
Chedzov, 14B0, 222
Churchill, 157;?, 276
Cossington, 1524, 225
Uminster, 1440, 156 ; 1618, 272, 273
Ilton, 1508^ 213
Petherton, South, 14S0, 152
St. Decumans, 1595, 277
Shepton Mallett, 1649, 296
Swainswick, 1439, 162
Wedmore, IdflO, 207
Wells Cathedral, 4 ; 1465, 116; 1626,

296
Yeovil, 1460, 131

Staffordshi]

Audley, 1385, J4

Clifton Campville, 1550, '55, 75, 265

Croxden Abbey, 254, 255

Elford, 1621, 287

Hanbury, 1480 ^ 122

Kinver, 15^99, 225

Norbury, 1350, 55 ; 1667, 302

Okeover, 14^, 72, 267

Suffolk-
Acton, 1302 J 14, 18, 22
Ampton, 1490, 265
Bamingham, 1499, 140
Barsham, 1415, 152
Benhall, 1611, 277
Bradley, LitUe, 1584, 247
Braiseworth, 1559, 276
Brundish, 1360, 104 ; 1550, 276
Burgate, 1409, 71, 148
Bury St. Edmund's, 254 ; 1480, 200 ;

1514, 116, 117
Campsey Ash, 1504, 106
Denham,' 1574, 259
Easton, 1584, 276
Eyke, 1430, 173, 175 • 1619, 287
Gazeley, 1530, 204
Gorleston, 1320, 14, 21-23
Hadleigh, 1550, 258, 260
Halesworth, 1581, 259
Ipswich —

St. Mary Quay, 15^85, 95-97* 163,

246
St. Mary Tower, 1475, 181, 182 ;

1506, 182, 244
St. Nicholas, 1475, 200
Kenton, 15j04, 230
Lavenham, 1485, 212, 213 ; 15^, 228

Letheringham, 1389, 54 ; 1400, 42
Lowestoft, 1500, 213

Melford, Long, 1490, 198

Monewden, 1595, 286, 288

Orford, 1680, 259

Oulton, 125

Pakefield, 1417, 161 ; 1451, 140

Playford, 14O0, 42, 148

Polstead, 1440, 105

Rendham, 150^, 204

Rougham, 1405, 148

Sotterley, 1479, 188 ; 1550, 296

Stonham Aspall, 1606, 287

Stowmarket, 1638^ 215

Thurlow, Great, 1450, 188

Ufford, 1598, 215, 244

Walton, 1459, 200

Wenham, Little, 1514, 217, 225

INDEX OF PLACES

327

Suffolk — continued.
Wrentham, 159By 277
Yoxford, W^y 152 ; 1^^ 211, 212 ;
I^IB^ 279

Surrey —
Addington, 15^, 225
Albury, 1440^ 156
Beddington, 1425, 82 ; li32^ 162
Betchworth, 1559, 106
BookhaiD, Great, 19^, 302, 304
Byfleet, 14S9, 116
Camberwell, 312 ; 1589, 260
Carshalton, 1490, 222
Charlwood, 1559, 239
Cheam, 1^0, 58 ; 15£9, 234, 256
Cobham, 1500^ 235 ; 1650, 256
Cranley, 1509, 235, 237
Crowhurst, 1^50, 157
Croydon, 1512, 123
Ewell, 151P, 230
Horley, 1^10, 72, 157 ; lolB, 267
Horsell, 1619, 247
Horsley, East, USfB, 109, 112
Kingston-on-Thames, 1^, 162
Lambeth, St. Mary, 15^5, 231 ; 15^,

226
Lingfield, 1970, 55, 56; 14i^, 150;

1420, 158 ; 1469, 105 ; 1509, 106
Merstham, 1^^, 2TI
Molesey, West, lolO^ 213
Ockham, IW), 126
Oxted, 1480, 198
Pepper Harrow, 1^, 82, 234
Puttenham, 1^1, 105
Richmond, 1591, 278
Shere, 1412, 105
Stoke d'Abemon, 1277, 14, 15, 37,

38 ; 19:97, 14, 23 ; 1464, 198 ; 1516,

213, 228
Thorpe, 1683, 244
Walton-on-Thames, 15S7, 266
Weybridge, 1520, 214
Wonersh, 1578, 259

Sussex —
Amberley, 1424, 42, 43, 192
Ardingley, 1504, 217, 222
Arundel, 1419, 116 ; 1445, 105 ; 1465,

187
Battle, 1426, 152 ; 1430, 105 ; 1615,

287, 289
Bodiam, 1990, 52 ; 1513, 213
Broadwater, 1492, 122, 126, 147;

1445,82
Buxted, 1408, 78, 79 ; 1450, 166

Sussex — continued,
Clapham, 152S, 228-230, 234
Cowfold, 14SB, 71, 131, 133. 134, 142
Etchingham, 19S9, 54 ; 1&, 72, 157 ;

1480, 198
Firle, West, 1638, 215
Fletching, 1380, 52 ; 1395, 42 ; 1450,

161
Grinstead, East, 1505, 222
Horsham, 1411, 120, 123, 126 ; 1^30,

103
Hurstmonceux, 1402, 148, 163, 233
Iden, 14$^, 105
Ifield, 23
Isfield, 1579, 276
Ore, 1400, 75, 161

Pulborough, l^SSS, 72, 122 ; 1^2, 162
Rusper, 1970, 58
Slaueham, 154St, 235, 239
Stopham, 1460, 201 ; 1478, 201 ; 1614,

277
Storrington, 1591, 286
Ticehurst, 1970, 52 ; 1546, 267
Trotton, 1910, 14, 27, 28, 37, 68;

14tl9, 33, 72, 144, 145, 154
Warbleton, 1^6, 72, 122, 127
Warminghurst, 1554, 241
Wiston, 1426, 41, 152, 153

Warwickshire —
Aston, 1545, 180
Baginton, 14ffJt, 42, 148
Barcheston, 15B0, 141
Coleshill, 15O0, 107 ; 1566, 286
Compton Verney, 1595, 225 ; 1^30,

290
Cooghton, 1510, 223
Exhall, 1555, 276
Haseley, 1W73, 259, 276
Itchington, Long, 1674, 302, 303
Merevale, 1412, 144
Middleton, 1475, 176
Shuckborough Superior, 1549, 239
Upton, 1587, 286, 287
Warwick—

St. Mary, 64, 187 ; 1401, 42, 143

St. Nicholas, Wi4, 105
Wellesboume, 1425, 147, 152
Whichford, 1582, 285.
Wixford, 1411, ISO, 153
Wolford, 31
Wootlon Wawen, 1505, 222

Westmoreland —
Morland, 1S62, 257
Mosgrave, Great, 15O0, 106

328 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

WilUhire—
Aldboorne, 1608, io6, 204
Bromham, 1616, 225 ; 1S78, 276
Clyffe Pypaid, 1380, 52
DauDtsey, 1614, 225 ; 16S6, 234
Draycot Cerne, 1394, 54
Foyant, 1492, 140, 234
Lavington, West, lff/0, 258, 263
Laycock, 206 ; 1601, 230
Mere, 1396, 54
Newnton, Long, 1503, 108
Ramsbury, ao6
Salisbury —

Cathedral, 4, 206, 313 ; 1376, 112 ;
1678, 290

St. Thomas, 306
Tisbury, 1590, 251
Wardour Castle, 263; 1673, 258;

1677, 259 ; 1586, 260

Worcestershire —
Alvechurch, 1524, 225
Blockley, 1488, 140, 204 ; 1600, loS
Bredon, i650, 296
Fladbury, 1446, 147 ; 1459, 126;

1604, 106
Kidderminster, 1415, 72, 152, 157, 164
Strensham, 1390, 54; 1406, 148;

156i9, 240
Tredington, 1497, 122, 126; 1499,

116

Yorkshire —
Aldborough, 1860, 42, 52, 210
Aughton, 1466, 188
Bainton, 1429, 105
Bedale, 21, 27 ; 1681, 35
Beeford, 1472, 122, 123
Birstall, 1682, 215
Bolton-by-BoUand, 1609, 230
Bradfield, 1540, 34
Brandsbnrton, 1364, 75; 1597, 1 1,

54, 210
Burton, Bishop, 1460, 202
Catterick, 1492, 222
Cottingham, 1383, 69, 120
Cowthorpe, 1494, 176, 178
Fountains Abbey, 109
Hampsthwaite, 1380, 58
Harpham, 1446, 156
Helmsley, 1671, 34
Hornby, 1489, 131
Howden, 1$J91, 257
Hull, Holy Trinity, 1451, 163
Ingleby Arncliffe, 1674, 35
Kirby ^Ybarfe, 1480, 122

Yorkshire ^^ontiimed.

Kirkheaton, 1666, 300, 302

Kirkleatham, 1631, 246

Leeds, St. Peter, 1469, 188; 1459,
202 ; 1709, 305

Lowthorpe, 1569, 34

Normanton, 1668, 34

Nunkeeling, 1629, 34

Owston, 1409, 161, 163

Ripley, 1499, 202

Routh, 1410, 150, 152, 157

Rudstone, 1677, 35

Sessay, 1660, 123, 127, 239, 256

Sheriff Hutton, 1667, 300

Sprotborough, 1474, 188

Thornton Watlass, 1669, 302

Topcliffe, 1691, 84, 94, 258

Wath, 1490, 173

Wensley, 1550, 84, 93, 103, 104, 202

Winestead, 1540, 258

York-
All Saints, 1549, 294
Minster, 309; 1316, 14, 32, 109,

112; 1595,293,294
St. Cross Parish Room, 1697, 294
St. Michael Spurriergate, 1466,

202 ; 1681, 35
St. Michael-le-Belfry, 1680, 35;

1983, zs

St. Sampson, 1680, 35

Walks

Beaumaris, Anglesea, 1530, 234
Bettws, Montgom., 1531, 106
Haverfordwest, Pemb., 1654, 300
Llanrwst, Denbigh, 303 ; 1658, 35, 300 ;

1^1, 35» 302
Swansea, Glam., 1500, 222, 235

Scotland
Aberdeen, 1613, 11, 95, 97, 98, 294

Ireland

Dublin, St. Patrick, 1528, 118, 218;
1637, 118,218

Beixsium

Antwerp, 12, 97, 99
Bruges, 83, 92
Brussels, 83, 97

INDEX OF PLACES

329

Ghent, 83, 257
Ypres, 92, 264

Holland
Middlebnrgh, 263

Denmark
Ringstead, 83, 90, 91

Germany

Col<«ne, 2, 92, 99
Hamburg, 92
Hilde^eim, 13, 83
Lubeck, 83, 90-92
Schwerin, 83, 90-92
Stralsund, 83, 92
Thorn, 83, 88
Verden, 13, 83

I

GENERAL INDEX

Adoration, the, 235

Agincourt, Battle of, 144, 146, 153

Agnus Dei, the, 90, 1 10, 162

Aileward, Thos., 128

Airay, Dr., 290, 291

Allen, Dr., 249

Alphonsus* CUricalis Diseiplina, 64

Andrews, Mr., 213

Anelace, the, 60, 124, 168, 175, 177,

199
Anne of Bohemia, 60, 143

Annunciation, the, loi, 234

Antiquarian Repertory, the, 266

Antiquaries, Society of, 175

Antwerp, Siege of, 208

Archaologicai Jotimalf the, 10, 249

Ardeme, Sir Peter, 176

Argentein, Dr., 137, 138

Armourers, Milanese, 65, 187

Asger, John, 161

Asheton, Nich., 285

Askwith, Robt., 294

Assheton, Ralph, 300

Atkinson, Thos., 294

Attelath, Robt., 309

Aumberdene, Nichole de, 47, 58

Bache, Canon, 147
Bacon, John, 171, 208
Badges. .S^ Heraldry.
Bailby, Rich., 161
Ballett, Rich., 244
Barnet, Battle of, 186
Bartelot, John, 201
Barton, waiter, 254
Baxter, Rich., i;8
Beauchamp, Rida., 64, 187
Beauchamp, Sir Simon de, 4
Beauchamp, Thos. de, 42, 143
Beaumont, Adam, 302
Beaumont, Bbhop, 70, 313, 314
Beaumont, Lord, 223, 227

Beaaver, Robt., 132

Bedstead brasses, 282

Belcher, Mr. H. G., 310

Bell, Bishop John, 115, 239

Bell, Bishop Rich., 112, 115

Berkeley, Marquis, 234

Berkyng, Rich, de, 4

Bertlot, Rich., 201

Berwick, capitulation of, 254

Bewfforeste, Abbot, 133

Bill, Dean, 284

Billingford, Dr., 137

Billyng, Judge, 178

Bingham, Bishop, 4, 313

Black Book, the, 250

Black Death, the, 46

Black Prince, tomb of, 63, 64, 71

Bladigdone, John, 29

Blakwey, Wm., 136

Blodwell, Dr., 70, 129, 185

Blomfield's Norfolk, 205

Bioxham, John, 76, 136

Bohun, AHanore de, 57, 67, 69, 135

Bohun, Humphrey de, 23

Boselyiigthorp>e, Sir John de, 17, 38

Bosworth, Battle of, 183, 218

Bosworth, John, 303

Bourchier, Lord Treasurer, 154

Bourgchier, Lord, 144

Boutell, the Rev. Chas., 84, 109, 149,

168
Bownell, Constance, 282
Bowthe, Bishop, 115
Bradshawe, Hen., 180
Braunche, Robt., 5, 84, 85
Braybrok, Sir Reg., 71
Brewys, Sir John de, 41, 153
Brook, Sir Thos., 160
Brooke, Sir John, 227
Brooke, Sir Thos., 226
Brounflet, Sir Thos., 147
Browne, John, 274

330

.J —

GENERAL INDEX

331

Browne, Wm., 171, 17a
Brystowe, Hugh, 258
Bullen, Sir Thos., 154, 155
Bulowe, Bishops de, 90, 91
Bulstrode, Marg., 254
Bares, Sir Robt. de, 16, 18
Bushe, Thos., 170
Byngham, Sir Rich., 176

Caerlaverock, Siege of, ai

Calais, Staple of, 166, 170, 171, 173

Calthorp, Rich., 243

Camoys, Margarete de, 37, 28, 37

Camoys, Lord Thos., 144, 145, 154

Canteys, Nich., 158

Carre, John, 247

Cassv, Sir John, 173, 174

Castle in a brass, 114

Castyll, Marg., 191

Catisby, Wm., Ii

Chains of office, 226

Chantries, suppression of, 251, 256

Chapman, Robt., 204

Charterhouse, dissolution of, 250

Chancer, 6, 39, 46

Chetwode, John, 163

Cheyne, Thos., 54

Chichele, Wm., 165

Chingenberf , John, 84

Chiverton, Rich., 297

Chrysom children, 227, 228

Chute, Marg., 282, 283

Cinquentenaire, Palais de, 97

Cinane Ports, the, 245

Clark, John, 243

Clopton, Margery, 199

Coats-of-arms. See Heraldry.

Cobham, Joan de, 27, 68

Cobham, John, the Founder, 68

Cobham, John, the Host, 69

Cobham, Marg., 68

Cod, Thos., 265

Codryneitoun, Preb., 118, 121

Coffin chalices, 201

Cole, Canon, 239

Coles, Geo., 296

Colet, Dean, 216

Collar of SS., 148-150, 152, 157, 160,

194,266
Collar of Suns and Roses, 176, 194, 195
Colwell, Rich., 245
Conquest, Elizth., 226
Conquest, Rich., 221
Cooke, Anth., 279
Cooke, Robt., Clarencieux, 245
Coorthopp, Dean, 239

Copleston, Isabella, 261, 262

Copperplate engraving, 34

Comwayle, Edm., 206

Corp, John, 60

Corteville, Sire Louis, 99

Cotman's Norfolk and Suffolk Brasses^

87, 160, 175, 212
Cotrel, Jas., 293, 294
Cotton, Robt., 270
Cottusmore, Chief Justice, 176
Cotyng, Wm., 207
Coulthirst, Robt., 246
Courtenay, Sir Peter, 147, 154
Cradle brasses, 298
Cranley, Archbi^op, 112, 115
Crecy, Battle of, 50
Credo, the, 127

Creeny's Continental Brasses^ 83
Creke, Lady, 254
Crests. See Heraldry.
Crokker, Sir John, 226
Cromwell, Ouver, 302
Cromwell, Lord Treasurer, Ralph, 154,

185
Cromwell, Thos., Comperta^ 130, 250
Cross-legged effigies, 22
Crozier, £he, 109
Crucifix, the, 82, 115
Cruwe, Thos. de, 153
Cullen plates, 2, 64
Curson, Sir John, 1 1
Curteys, Jolm, 58, 60, 171

Danbemoun, Sir John, 4, 15, 16, 37,

38*41
Davis, Mr. C. T., 11

Daye, John, 247

Deacons, brasses of, 108, 265

Delamere, Abbot, 5, 90, 1 14

Dely, Marg., 133

Dencourt, Elizth., 198

Denot, Peter, 161

Destruction of brasses, 130, 160, 178,

251, 252, 306 ; of slabs, 22, 311

Dignitaries of the Church, 118

Dogs, named pet, 160, 175

Dunbar, Battle of, 308

Dunche, Wm., 277, 278

Dye, Wm., 284

Dyve, Sir John, 267

Edmonds, Thos., 247
Edward III., tomb of, 62, 71
Eikon Basilike^ the, 290
Elijah and Elisha, 292
Eleanor, tomb of Queen, 62, 67

332 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Eltham, John of, 23

Emblems, 290, 292, 297

Enamelled shields, 27, 37, 62, 64

Englysche, Thos., 265

Engravers of book illustrations, 2^

Engravers, provincial, 34, 78, 106, 132,

202, 203, 213, 231, 263, 297
Eric Menved, King, 83, 90, 92
Ermyn, Wm., 127
Estney, Abbot, 103, 11 2-1 14
Etampes, Charles d*, 25
Evangelistic symbols, 41, 82, 102, 226,

245
Evelyn the diarist, 308

Evyngar, Andrew, 97, 246

Eyer, John, 182

Farrer, Mr. E., 310

Felbrig, Symond de, 60

Felbrygge, Sir Svmon, 147, 153

Fenton, John, 286

Fermor, Thos., 10

Fermoure, Wm., 182

Feme, Bishop, 296

Ferrers of Cnartley, Lord, 144

Field, Rev. H. E., 313

Fienlez, Sir Wm., 163

Finiquerra, Maza, 34

Fitz-Alan, Brian, Lord, 21

Fitzherbert, Sir Anth., 254

Fitzwilliam Museum, 50

Fleming, Alan, 5, 92

Fordyce's History of Durham^ 308

Fortey, John, i<i3, 168, 169, 185

Foster's Feudal Coats^ 36

Fox, Myghell, 244

Foxley, Sir John, 8

Franklin, Eliza, 284

Franks, Sir W., 255

Frekylton, Hen., 204

Frilende, Walter, 126

French characteristics, 25, 33

Fyche, Geoff., 2x8

Fylfot cross, 125, 126

F3mche, Rich., 246

Fyndeme, Wm., 44, 192

Fynexs, Archdeacon, 116, 117

Gadburye, Rich., 280, 281

Gage, Mr. John, 21

Gardner, Idr. Starkie, 220, 275

Garter, Order of the. Knights, 65, 144,

145. '53» I54i 185, 195; Canons,

ia3» 239.
Gasquet's English Monastic Life^ 130

Geoffrey of Anjou, 36
Geographical distribution, 310
Geste, Bishop, 290
Gloves, pair of, 161
Golden Legend, the, 233
Goldsmiths^ work, 198, 214
Goldwell, Nich., 136
Goodryke, Bishop, 115, 239
Goseboume, Robt., 11
Gough's Sepulchral Monuments, 84
Graa, Thos., 1 1
Greenwood, Benj., 305
Gregorian Calendar, 94
Grenefeld, Archbishop, 32
Grevd, Wm., 168
Grey, Sir Anth., 194
! Grocyn, 2x6
Guardian angel, 130
Gyll, Rich., 226
Gypciire, the, 231

Haines, Rev. Herbert, 109, 182, 205,

269, 306
Hakebecb, Sir Adam de, 68
Hakeboume, Rich, de, 29
Halberd, the, 237
Hanseatic League, the, 84, 92, x6i
Hansart, Anth., 235
Hanson, Robt., 267
Hardyng, Robt., 237
Harison, Alice, 284
Harleston, Alice, 199
Harpedon, Sir John, 114
Harsnett, Archbishop, 1 10, 295
Harsyck, Sir John, 42
Harsyk, Sir Roger, 258
Harwedon, John, 76
Hastings, Sir Hugh, 48, 49
Hatche, Henry, 231, 232, 245
Hatche, Joan, 227
Hautryve, Dr., 137
Hawberk, Sir Nich., 71
Hawkins, Thos., 275
Haywarde, John, 245
Heere, John and Gerard de, 97
Henry UL, tomb of, 62
Henry VI L, tomb of, 66
Heraldry —
Coats-of-arms —

Ashton, 302

Bacon, 21

Bagot, 148

Beauchamp, 42, 143

Beaumont, 302

Bohemia, 153

Brewers Company, 247

GENERAL INDEX

333

Heraldry — couHntutL

Bures, 19

Carpenters Company, 247
Chiverton, 298
Clothworkers Company, 247
Creke, 25

Daubemoun, 15, 41
Drapers Company, 244
Dyve, 267

£ast Land Company, 245
Edward the Confessor, 153
Ely, Deanery of, 289
Ely, See of, 128
England, 128
Ermyn, 127
Felbrigg, 148
Ferrers, 42, 143
Fishmongers Company, 247
Flanders, 128
France (Old), 128
Fulburne, 127
Fyndeme, 44, 192
Gestii^thorpe, 42
Gi£fard, 50

Goldsmiths Company, 244
Grocers Company, 244
Haberdashers Company, 245
Hainault, 128
Hars^ck, 42
Hastmgs, 50
Holland, 128
Holland, Lord, 199
Holy Roman Empire, 153
Ironmongers Company, 247
King, 300

Mercers Company, 242
Merchant Adventurers, 242
Merchant Tailors Company, 245
Norwich, City of, 242
Powis, 199
Queens' College, 289
Kugge, 243
Salters Company, 246
Say, 194
Setvans, 41

Skinners Company, 244
Stai>le of Calais, 170
Stationers Company, 247
Trumpington, 18, 41
Valence, 37

Vintners Company, 247
Wantele, 42
Crests and badges —
Bear and Ragged Staff* for War-
wick, 40, 65, 143

Heraldry — conHnued.
Crests and badges — €onHnued,
Boar*s Head for Bacon, 22; for

Vernon, 191
Broomscods for Piantagenet, 61
Dolphin for a 6shmonger, 80
Elephant for Beaumont, 80, 223
Fox for Foxley, 75
Maple-leaf for Mapylton, 126
Miner for Baynham, 156
Portcullis for Beaufort, 194
Ram for wool-staplers, 171
Stork for Stokke, 171
Swan for Bohun, 40, 157
Turkey's Feathers for Harsyck, 42
Well for Colwell, 245
Wheatsheaf for Aileward, 127
White Hart for Richard H., 61

Herwy, Abbess, 133

Heylcsdone, Rich, de, 60

Hodges, Captain, 208

HoU, Thos., 297

Holme, Thos., Clarencieux, 245

Holte, Thos., 180

Honywode, Archdeacon, 73, 218, 219

Home, Elizth., 255

Homebolt, Marg., 97

Hovener, Albert, 84

Hudson's Brasses of Northamptonshire^

Hundred Years' War, the, 6, 146, 183
Hurst, Leonard, 284
Hyde, Laurence, 251
Ifyde, Wm., 253

Ifield, Sir John d', 23
Ingeborg, Queen, 83, 90
In^lton, Robt., 180, 184, 185, 222
Imtials on brasses, 126, 163
Instruments of the Passion, 227
Invocations, 40, 166, 191
Iseni, Sir Wm. d', 68
Iso von Wilpe, 13

Jeanne Dare, 146
Jocelyn, Bishop, 4
Johnson, Hugn, 288
Juyn, Sir John, 175

Keriell, Jane, 198
Kervile, Sir Robt., 205
Kidwelly, David, 2cx>
King, Dorothy, 298, 301
Knyghtley, Thos., 208, 209
Knyghtleye, Sir £dm„ 223

334 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Lace, 297
Lake, Bishop, 296
Laken, Sir Wm., 176
Lambarde, Silvester, 282
Langton, Dr., 118, 119
Langton, Wm., 202
Lawrence, Abbot, 132
Lee, Henry, 257
Leeds, Edw., 287
Legh, Roger, 233
Leland, 171

Le Strange, Lord, 223, 224
Le Strange, Sir Roger, 44, 45
Le Straunge, Sir Thos., 147
Leventhorp, John, 226
Liddel, Dr., ii, 97, 98, 294
Limoges enamels, 36, 37
Lloyd, David, 136
Lodyngton, Wm. de, 175
London, John, 136
Longesp^ Bishop, 206
Lost brasses, 22
Luke, Nich., 180
Luke, Sir Walter, 180
Lupton, Dr., 124
Lysle, Sir John, 151

Mackerell's History of Lynn, 308

Magewik, Alice, 256

Magnus, Thos., 239

Malory's Morte Dartkur, 63

Malyns, R^. de, 55

Manning, Mr. Percy, 292

Manufacture of brass in England, 8, 269

Mapylton, John, 147

Mareys, Joan, 212

Marsham, John, 243

Martyn, Judge, 175, 210

Martyn, Rich., 158, 159

Mason, Thos., 136

Mass of St. Gregory, 233

Merchants* marks, 7, 162, 168, 170,

215, 242
Merton, Bishop de, 37
Metal-workers, 61, 62, 64, 253
Mitre brasses, 296
Monasteries, dissolution of, 130
Monograms on brasses, 163, 244
Monox, Sir Geo., 244
Montagu, Sir Wm. de, 254
Monumental Brass Society, 9, II, 99,

252, 288, 313
Mordant, Wm., 182
Mordon, Thos., 126
More, Gauwyn, 200
Mortimer's Cross, Battle of, 194

Mosaic-work, 80
Mostyn, Lady Mary, 303
Motley's DuUk R^ubUc^ 252
Mottoes, 170, 171
Mul, Bishop de, 90
Mural brasses, use of, 270
Moscote, John, 182
Muston, Anne, 207

Nelond, Prior, 71, 133, 134, 142

Neville, Sir Thos. , 206

Nevynson, Thos., 275

Nichols, Mr. J. B., 115

Nightingale's Church Plate of WiUihire,

306
Northwode, Sir John de, 21, 25
Norton, John, 132
Notingham, Henry, 165
Numl^r of brasses, 33

Oker, Humphrey, 267
Omission ot stole, 106
Ord, Mr. Craven, 21, 309
Orleans, relief of, 146
Oskens, Henry, 99
Otterboume, Battle of, 146
Otto de Brunswick, 13
Oxford University Brass - Rubbing
Sodefj^, 253, 292

Page, Robt., 168

Pardons and indulgences, 38, 233

Parker, Petronilla, 173

Parkers, Roger, 124

Patesle, Thos., 127

Peacock Feast, the, 87

Pearson, Mr., 312

Peasant Revolt, 39

Peckham, Amphillis, 135, 255

Pemberton, Hugh, 245

Peryent, Sir Thos., 147

Pescod, Walter, 58, 70

Peyton, Thos., 185

Phelip, Anne, 227

Phelip, Christine, 198

Phelip, Sir John, 153

Pictorial brasses, 3

Pilgrimage of Grace, 250

Pincorain, Si^e of, 25

Planch^'s Cychpadia of Costume, 36

Poitiers, Battle of, 50

Popham, Sir John, 254

Porter, Wm., 235

Portraits, 3

Post-Reformation clergy, 238

Pownder, Thos., 96, 97, 163, 242, 246

J

GENERAL INDEX

335

Price, John, 305
Prideauz, Bishop, 296
Pugin, Mr. A. W., 95
Pursglove, Bishop, 290
Pykc, John, 25s

Rebus on a brass, 126

Recovery of lost brasses, 21, 69

Rede, Geo., 234

Rede, John, 179, 180

Rede, Peter, 203

Reed, John, 173

Restoration of missing parts, 29

Resurrection, the, 235, 237, 254

Reve, Thos., 288

Richard L, heart of, 206

Richard II., tomb of, 60-62, 71, 143

Rites of Durham^ the, 307, 315

Robert, Wm., 212

Robins, Wm., 200

Robinson, Bishop, 73, 1 10, ill, 290 ,

Rochester, Robt., 226

Rolf, Thos., 180

Ros, Wm., Lord de, 21

Rosary, 124, 176, 199, 231

Roses, Wars of the, 6

Rouclyff, Brian, 178

Routh, Sir John, 152

Rugge, Robt, 131,243

Rymer's Fcedera^ 61

Sacheverell, Sir Hen., 370, 271

St. Albans, Battle of, i8a

St. Denis, royal catacombs at, 25

St. L^:er, Sir Thos., 194

St. Maur, Laurence de, 70, loi

St. Paul's Ecdesiological Society, 137,

288
St. Quintin, Sir John de, 1 1
Saints in brasses —

St. Andrew, loi, 129

St. Anne, 175, 191

St. Asaph, 129

St. Brideet, 129

St. Candidus, 186

St. Catherine, 120, 129, 130, 218

St. Christopher, loi, 191

St. Etheldreda, 129

St. Faith, 79

St. Gabriel, loi, 129, 235

St. George, 50, 186

St. James the Great, 120, 261

St. John Bapt., 76, loi, 120, 129,

St. John Evang., 82, 120, 129
St. Laurence, loi, 108

Saints in brasses — coniinued.

St. Margaret, 120, 129, 130, 191

St. Mary Magdalen, loi, 129

St. Mary the Blessed Virgin, 68, 71,
73, 82, 120, 129, 133, 175, 192,
204, 218, 234, 261

St. Matthew, 102

St. Maur, loi

St. Maurice, 186

St. Michael, 129

St. Nicholas, 129

St. Pancras, 71, 133

St. Paul, 73, loi, 120, 129, 264

St Peter, 73, loi, 120, 129, 186

St. Philip, 108

St. Stephen, loi, 108

St. Thomas, loi

St. Thomas of Canterbury, 71, 115,
133

St. Wilfiid, 129

St. Winifred, 129
Salter, Thos., 9
Saracen soldier, 238
Savage, Anne, 285
Say, Sir John, 37, 194, 195
Scott, Sir Gilbert, 312
Scott-Hall, Rev. W. E., 175
Scrolls, 41, 153, 166, 171, 178, 191,

208, 214, 227, 233, 289
Sculptor, Torngiano, 66
Sculptured stone effigies, 21, 23, 25, 27
Selwyn, John, 266
Seman, Simon, 161
Serken, Bishop de, 90
Setvans, Sir Robt. de, 20, 41
Shakespeare, 56, 144, 145, 148
Shelley, Edw., 241
Shelley, Elizth., 227
Shelley, John, 228, 229
Shemborne, Sir Thos., 189, 190
Shiers, Robt., 303, 304
Shosmyth, Wm., 244
Shrewsbury, Battle of, 146
Shrines. See Tabernacles.
Signatures on brasses, 34, 292
Sleford, John de, 128
Smith, Mr. J. Challenor, 9
Smyth, Thos., 205
Spelman, Sir John, 180
Spryng, Thos., 213
Spycer, John, 75
Stapleton, Sir Brvan de, 160
Stathum, Sir Thos., 191, 193, 195,

222
Suunton, Robt., 185
Staverton, John, 175

1

336 THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

Stephenson, Mr. Mill, 99, 252, 258,

264, 288, 294
Stoke, Abbot, 133, 142
Stokes, John, 161

Stothard's Monumental Effigies^ 36, 64
Stowe's Survey of London^ 254
Strete, John, 73, 74
Style, Sir Humphrey, 241
Sunday Letter, 94
Sundial made from a brass, 309
Surrey Archaeological Society, 309
Surtees Society, 307
Sutton, Robt., 218
Swetenham, Matth., 147
Swynbome, Sir Thos., 147, 150

Tabernacles and shrines, 71, 73, 76,

128, 133
Taillor, Rowland, 260
Taylour, John, 170
Tendryng, Tomesina, 211
Tenison, Philipp, 215
Terri, John, 242
Tewkesbury, Battle of, 186
Thockmorton, John, 147
Thome, Dr. Giles, 303
Thornton, Roger, 95
Tiptoft, Joyce, Lady, 185, 199
Todenham, John, 166
Tokc, Nich., 303
Tomb-makers, 10, 61, 64
Tong, Seman, 245
Tonson, Crystofer, 208
Torryngton, Rich., 60
Totyngton, Abbot, 254
Trade henddxy, 162
Tregonwell, Sir John, 182
Trilleck, Bishop, 5, 69, 112
Trinity, the Holy, 80, 120, 127, 128,

194, 207, 227, 230, 234
Troycs, Treaty of, 146
Trumpington, Sir Roger de, 16, 18, 41
Tucker, Mr. Stephen, 115
Turner, Mr. Dawson, 21
Tyndall, Dean, 288

Ughtred, Sir Thos., 11
Urswyk, Sir Thos., 178, 196, 197

Valence, Aymer de, 37, 50
Valence, Wm. de, 37
Verdun, Matilda de, 255

Vernon, Arthur, 204

Vernon, Sir Wm., 190

Verzelini, Jacob, 279

Vintners, brasses to, 16 1

Vision of Piers the Ploughman, 39

Wadham, Dorothie, 280
Wadham, Nich., 272, 273
Wakefield, Battle of, 186
Waldeby, Archbishop, 112, 114
Waller, Messrs. J. G. and L. A. B., 79,

178
Walsch, Sir Thos., 39
Walsham, Bishop, 70
Waltham, Bishop de, 5, 1 12
Walsokne, Adun de, 5, 84
Wantele, John, 42, 43, 192
Wardeboys, Abbot, 265
Way, Mr. Albert, 249
Weathercock from a brass, 309
Weepers, 37, 62, 64, 65, 88, 91
Wenslagh, Simon de, 202
White, Bishop, 238
Whitecoumbe, Robt, 173
Whittingham, Dean, 307
Whytton, John, 76
Wideville, Thos., 267
Willesden, Bart., 182
William of Vork, 4, 313
Williams, Erasmus, 292
Williams, Mr. J. F., 288
Willis, Browne, 308
Willoughby d'Eresby, Lord, 144
Windsor, canons of, 123, 124
Wine-casks, 16 1
Wode, Emma, 173
Wols^, Cardinal, 249
Wolstonton, Wm., 257
Wood's Athena Oxoniemis^ 307
Worthyn, Philip, 204
Wydiffe, 6, 39, 46
Wykeham, Wm. of, statutes, 137
Wymbyll, Robt., 182
Wynne, Sir John, 503
Wythines, Dean, 289
Wyvil, Bishop, 5, 114

Yelverton, Sir Wm., 176, 177
Yorkshire Arehaologkal Jcumaly 294

Zoest, John and Marg., 84, 86
Zouch, Wm., Lord, 267

PRIMTBD BT WILLIAM CLOWB8 AND SONS, LIMITBD. LONDON AND BBCCLES.

THE
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ENGLISH MONASTIC LIFE

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Third Edition. With 42 Illustrations, 5 Maps, and 3 Plans

Preface — ^List of Manuacriptt lad Printed Books — ^The Monastic Life — ^The
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REMAINS OF THE PREHISTORIC AGE IN

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By BERTRAM C A WINDLE, ScJ>^ F«R^ F«S A.
With 94 Illustrations by Edith Maty Windle

Prcfiu:e— introduGCoffy, Divisions o( the Prehistoric Period^--Stoiie Implements,
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Types, Overlap with Metal — The Metallic Age, Copper, fironz&^Bone Imple-
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** It gives a tabnlated list of such remains } divided into coimties, and subdivided into
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of ardueolegy* the Professor devotes no mors space to what he describes ss theory spinnaig
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CELTIC ART IN PAGAN AND CHRISTIAN

TIMES

By h ROMILLY ALLEN, F5JL
With 44 Plates and 8 1 Illustrations in the text

Preiao&— The Contiaental Celts and How tkey cane to Briiaio^-Rigui
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Art of the Christian Period— Index.

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SHRINES OF BRITISH SAINTS

By J. CHARLES WALL

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**The shrines have for the most part passed away. What they were like may be
learned from this volmne.*'— JI£wcAerttr GuardioMm

^This b a good subject and one that is well handled by Bir. WalL" — Atkefutum,

ARCHiEOLOGY AND FALSE ANTIQUITIES

Br ROBERT MUNRO, VL^ VLD.f LLJ>^ FJtSJU

With 1 8 Plates, a Plan, and 63 Illustrations in the text

Prefaofr-— Prolegomena-^^Porged or False Antiquities in Various Parts of the
European Continent-- Tertiary Man in Caiifomiap— The Forgery of Antiquities
in the British Isles— The Clyde Controyersy— The Ardiseological Discoveries at
Dunbuie, Durohuck, and Langbank, independtm of ^ Disputed Objects— A
Critical Examination of the Disputed Objects from Punbuie, Dumbuck, and
Langbank — General and Concluding Remarks-^Index.

^The author paasea in review the more cans y ioa — i instinfii of than antiquities
that have come to Ught since the beginning of the aaeond half of the last centory in
Europe and in America.**— MVf/wfiuftr Gamett*,

*He provides ns with an accoant of all the mott famous attempts made kj sinful

!\

men to impede the progrett of ardueology by producing forged antiauttiet ; tad he points
out a number of examples of the way in which Natnre herself nas done the felony^
placing beneath the hand of the enthusiastic honter of renuirn objects which look as
if they belonged to the Stone Age, but which really belonged to the gentleman next door
before he threw them away and made them rts mmlUm!*-''Oudoolu

THE MANOR AND MANORIAL RECORDS

By NATHANIEL J. HONE

With 54 Illustrations

Frdaoe — ^The Manor — ^Manorial Records — ^Listi of Court Rolb in Various
Depotitorict—-Mi»ce]Uuiea-— Index.

hook fiUi a hitherto empty niche in the lilirary of popular literature. Hitherto
thoif who desired to obtam tome grasp of the origin of manors or of dieir administrstiofi
had to eonsuU the somewhat conflicting and often highly technical works. Mr. Hone
has wisely decided not to take anything for granted, but to give Incid expositions of everything
that concerns manors and manorial records.*' — Gtiardum,

^We oonld linger for a long while over the details given in this delightful volnmey
and in trying to pictnre a state of things that has passed away. It shonld be added that
the iUnstrations are well chosen and instnictive."-^0iMiir)r Lift,

^Mr. Hone presents a most interesting subject in a manner alike satkfying to the
student and the general reader.'*^-f&&/.

ENGLISH SEALS

By h HARVEY BLOOM, VLA^ Rector of Wiutehufch

With 93 lUustratiohs

Introdactoiy— The Story of the Great Seal — ^Royal Scab of Di^^ty, com-
monly called Great Seals— Privy Seals of Sovereigns and those of Royal Courts-
Scab of the Archbbhope and Bishops— Equestrian and Figure-Seab of the
Barons of the Reafan and their Ladies— Seals of the Clergy beneath Episcopal
Rank— Seab of Knights and Squire»— Seals of Private Gentlemen and of Mer-
chants — Seals of Religious Hous»— Seals of Cathedrals and their Chapters— >Seab
of Secular Corporations — Scab of Univertitiet and other Educational Corporatiooa
— ^Itticriptions upon the Great Seals of England — Charges borne in the Anna i

of English Dioceses and Deaneriet^Arms of England — Glossary of Termi—
Index.

*The book forms a valttsble addition to the scholarly series in which it appears. It is
adaah-abiy illastrated.**— ^ottsMK.

^A caripliil and methodical survev of this interesting subject^ the necessary iUns*
trations being nnmerous and well done, — OM/o9i(.

^Presents many aspects of interest, appealing to artists and heraldic students, to lovers
of history and of antiquities."— 9^#fiMinii«rr Gazettt,

^Nothing hn yet been attempted on so complete a scale, and the treatise will take
rank as a standard work on the subject.'*<^»G/Mgotv Herald,

THE ROYAL FORESTS OF ENGLAND

By h CHARLES COX, LLD^ F.SJL

With 25 Plates and 23 Illustrations in the text

Early Forests — ^The Forest Courts — ^The Forest Officen— The Beasts of the
Foiest — ^The Forest Agistmeatt— Hounds and Hunting— The Trees of the Forest
—-The Forests of Northumberland^ Cumberland, Westmorebmd, and Dnrham —
The Forests of Lancashire— The Forests of Yorkshire, Pickering and GaStret—
The Fofetts of Cheshire— The Foresto of Staffordshire^-The Forests of the High

1

.J

Peak— Duffield Frith^^herwood Forest-— The Foretu of Shropthiity Worcester,
Warwick, and Hereford — ^The ForetU of Leicestenhiie and Rutland— The Forest
of Rockingham— The Forest of Oxfoxdshire-— The Forestiof Berkshire^ Bucking-
hamshire, and Huntingdonshire — ^The Forest of Dean— The Forest of Eisex—
The Forest of Windsor— The Forests of Sussex— The' Forests of Hampshire —
The Forests of Wilts— The Forests of Dorsetshire— The Forests of Somer-
setshire—The Forest of Dartmoor.

^A vast amount of general information ia contained in this most interesting book.**
— DoiAr CkroMkie,

^The subject is treated with remarkable knowledge and mimitenessy and a great
addition to the book are the remarkable illustrations."— J?««ifi»f StandsrJ,

'^The volume is a storehouse of learning. The harvest of origmal research.
Nothing like it has been publisfaed before.*'— Liv«^«o/ At/.

THE BELLS OF ENGLAND

By CANON J. J. RAVEN^ DJ>«, F«S*A«, oi Emaumud

G)llege» Gunhridge

Second Edition With 60 Illustrations

Early History— The British Period — The Saxon Period— The Nonaan
Period— The Thirteenth Centuiy — ^Times of Development— Provincial Founden,
Mediaeval Uses— The Cire Perdue, Hexameters, Ornamentation— Mig;ration of
Founders, Power of Bells over Storms, etc.— The Passing Bell, Angelic Dedi-
cations«*The Beginning of the Black-letter Period-— Early Foundries, London
and the South- West — From the South Coast Eastward — The Midlands and the
North — ^The Tudor Period — ^Later Founders— Change-ringing— Sign»^CariUons,
Hand-bells, and Tindnnabuhi — ^Legends, Traditions, Memor ies Bell Poetry-
Usages, Law, Conclusion.

^The histoi^ of English bells, of their founding and hanging, of their inscriptions and
dedications, of their peals and chimes and carillons, of bell legends, of bell poetry and bell
law, is told with a vast amount of detailed information, curious and quaint."— Trr^iair.

^The illustrations, as usual in this series, are of great interest.*'— Csm/iy Life^

THE DOMESDAY INQUEST

B7ADOLPHUS BALLARD, B.A*, LL3., Town Clerk of

Woodstock

With 27 Illustrations

Introductory^The Hide and the Teamland— The Vill and the Manor— The
Hundred and the Shire— Sake and Soke— The Magnates— The Humbler Polk
— ^The Appurtenances of the Manoiv-^The Church — ^The Welshmen^-Tke
Stock, Eleventh Century Farming—- The Encroachments — Vakiet and Rend ers '
The Incidence of the Geld — A Typical Village — Potsettions of Certain Land*
owners — Church Lands— Abstract of Populatioxw-Transcription and Extension
of Frontispiece — Index.

^In point of teholarship and lucidity of style thb volume shovld take a high place
in the literature of the Domesday Survey.*'—- jDo/^ JkUU,

** Replete with infornution compiled in the most clear and attractive fashion."—
Lhftr^ Post,

^The author holds the balsnce freely between rival theories."— JBfmMN^AntlVff.

** Most valuable and interesting***— Xr/v«rpoe/ Mtrcmry,

^ A brilliant and lucid exposition of the UttM."^Staiidard.

^ A vigorous and tadepe&dent commentary.''— rW^Mw.

*\

PARISH LIFE IN MEDIiEVAL ENGLAND

Br ABBOT GASQUET^ CXS.B.,DJ>«» FtLD^ DJJTT.

Second Edition With 39 Illustrations

Liit of Maauicript aad Printed Authoridet— The Parith^The Ptritb Church
^The Pariih Clergy^The Parish Officia]6---Pu«diuil FiMace— The Puish
Chiurch Senrioet-* Church Fesrivalt— The Sacnuneatt— The Pariah Pu^t^-
Pariah Amuiementt — Guilds and Fratemltiet — Index.

** A rich mine of weU-fnteated iiifoniuiti«i.**->-^«f^<dL
' X A eaptivatiqg rabject very ahly handle^."— iZ&wffMn/ LmJon Newt.
**A worthy sequel to the Abbott achoUrly work on moaasdc Ufe."— ^i— >y<s/ ftrt^
** EssentiiUy scholarly in spirit and treat]nent."-»rri^iair.

THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND

By HERBERT W. MACKUNt SUU St. John's CoUege,
Cainbfidge. President of the Montsmental Bnas Society

Second Edition With 85 Illustrations

Intgaductoiy Brasici in the Reignt of the Two Pint Edward^ laya-^say
— ^The Golden Age of PJanti^aet Rule, 1337-1399 — ^Architectunl Omtmtmt
F ai tig n Woricinanth^>— The MedaseraJ Clergy of Engbnd — ^The Lancanrii
Pariody 1400-145 3-»The Waia of the Roiet, X453-i4;S5— Braiset in the l\ulor
Pniod, 1485-1547— Spoliation of the Monaiteriea— -The EKiahothan Renvoi,
i55S«i6s5— Branet and Deipoiled S]abt-4ndex of Plaoea—^eneml Index,

^ There is no volume which covers the groand so fully ts this stady.*'— ^inani^Aew

«Mr. MackNn writM with enviable tecidi^.'*<-^^»NAiri^.

* Reveals the value of Eagtish brsssei as hstorical docnmeata,"— IP^ e a a i i iS / Oamtte.

^ The ittastratioM are plntifiil and eaoelienU** ■■ Sp tcmtor*

ENGLISH CHURCH FURNITURE

By h CHARLES COX, ULIX, V.SJi^ and A. HARVEY,

NLB.

Second Edition With 121 Illustrations

Altan, Altar Sbba, Altar Rails, Altar Screens or Reredos c i Church Plnte^
Chalice and Paten, Pyx, Cruets and Fkigons, Spoons, P^ Censen, Chrismatories,
Altar and Processional Crosses, Crosiers and Mitres^ Alms Dishes, Heraldic
Church Plate, Cuirbouilli Cases, Pewter—- Piscina, Sedilia, Easter Sepuldire^
Lectern — Screens and Rood-lofts— Pulpits and Hour Glasses — Fonts, Font
Covers, Holy-water Stoups— -Alms Boxes, Ofiertoiy Boxes, and Collecting Boxes
—Thrones and Chairs, Stalls and Misericords, Seats and Bendms, Pewa, Galleries,
Church Chests — Almeries or Cupboards, Cope Chests^ Banner-stare Loch e ra
The Lights of a Church — Church Libraries and Chained Bookt 'Church
Embn>idecy-*4Uiyal Anna—Ten Commandments iGwwrai Index.

^ A mine of carefully ordered information, for the aeoasafiy of which Dr. Coa's name
on the title-page is a sufficient guarantae,**— >^ri— ^fiwr.

^Tbit mew voImw fmKtf maHteiM tke hi^ rtfrntt o# ili pceteccmw. Dr. <2wi b
OM «f ow akktt eccktiologiitiy and he and Mr. Hanvf hava coUected a man of valaahle
information of the greatest importance to antiouariet and ardiitecta. • • • There ta a fine
index of aeventy-five columns, truly a pioas wonc.'* — Tie ArdUtectural Rtvuw,

^Thia volnme is one of the ^Antionary's Booka* series^ and is more than worthy
of its dhtinroished association. There naa been an unsparing expenditve of timo and
laboir npon »."— ^cM«r,

FOLK-LORE AS AN HISTORICAL SCIENCE

B7 GEORGE LAURENCE GOMME. CIcfk to the Loodoo

County Gnsncil

With 28 lUustraticms

History and FoUdoi»«-Maierialft wkI MethocU-' BPiydiological Conditimu
— ^Anthropological Conditiona — Sociolo^cal Condition*— European Conditiont
— ^Ethnological Conditiont— Index.

^H» one will read Mr. Gonine's thoaghcfnl treatise withont being the halici able
to understand the significance of |^pvlar take and CHatoms."^«&isrwee.

^ A learned and most interestmg volume. We can imagme no more fascinating siih|BCt
for stttdy.**— ZXn^ Maii.

^ An eaoelknt piece of work."— 'DmiAv Adv^rtistr,

^ AU will find much thai stimnlatcs thought and adda ta tha mharent attnattvtaaat of
tradition*" — Athtn^nm.

ENGLISH COSTUME

By GEORGE CLINCH, F«G^
With 131 lUustratiotis

Preface — Introduction — Prehistoric Cottume^-Romano-Brituh and AagW-
Saaon Costume— Norman Costume— Thirteenth Century^— Foarteentb Century
— Fifteenth Century ^ Sixteenth Century — Serenteenth Century — ^Eighteenth
Century — Mediaeval and Later Garments — Military Costume — Ecclesiastical
Costume — Monastic, Academic^ and Legal Costume — Coronation and P^lia-
mentary Rob es R obes of the Orders of Chivalry^ etcp— IndeiL

^With the assistance of admirable tUnatratiaii^ Mr. CUnch has here presented a
veritable library pageant of the drett of English men and women from the earliest age."^

^A book of vncommon excellence and absorbing interest « • • a deep and safe well
of illnstration and cmditian."—- <SbAr^

^ Mr. Clinch has brought together a vast amount of information^ presenting it in a dear
and interesting manner, and snppkmeating it with a large number of capital illvstrations.*'
— Diuly TeUgrtipk^

THE GILDS AND COIIPANiES OF LCWDON

By GEORGE UNWIN

With 37 Illustrations

The PUmx of the Gild in the History of Western Europe— The Frith Gild
and the Cnihten Gild— The Caucte of the Baken, Fishmongers, and Weavers —
The Adulterine Gilds— The Cxaftt and the Constitution— The Greater Mltteries
— The Lesser Misteries — ^The Fraternities of Oafts — ^The Phrish Fraternities —
The Rule of the MlsteriB^ i)96-ft}Si4«*-Thc Incorporated LiTeiy Company —
Halls, Liveries and Feasts — Religious O b s ci vanc e s and the Reformation — Govern*
ment of the Companies-Industrial Expansion under the Tudors — ^The Loid

\

Mayor's Show — MonopoUet-^From Gild to Trade Union — Sunrivalt : Giklt of ^

Transport— >Litt of Parish Gilds— Transcript and Translation of the Entry in
the Brewers* Records-*List of Companies keeping the Watch, 151S— List of ]

Sources for the History of the Existing London Companies— Index.

^ A work of well-digested and lucidly esnonoded leaming.**— &MtiiM». ■

^'We have no hesiution in taying that he has produced the best book of its kind that ]

we have teen, and we heartily commend it to every ttadent of municipal at well at Gild

hktory "'^Atkttuetmu

' This wide rabject hat never previootly been treated by the light of to mach original

research and to thorough a gratp of all the ittuet involved. It it difficult to exaggerate

the amount and diversity of entertaining knowledge which comet to light in the ttory here

unfolded."-

THE MEDMSVAL HOSPITALS OF ENGLAND

By MISS ROTHA M. CLAY

With 78 Illustrations

Pre^Me by the Lord Bishop of Bristol — ^Introduction — Hospitals for Wayfiuen
and the Sick — ^Homes for the Feeble and Destitute — Homes for the Insane — ^The
Lasar-house — The Leper in EngUmd — ^Founders and Benefactors — ^Hoapital
Inmates — Hospiul Dwellings — The Constitution- — The Household and its
Members^-Care of the Soul— Care of the Body — ^Hospital Funds — ^Relations
with Church and State — ^Decline of the Ho^itals— The Dissolution of Religious
Houses and iu Effect upon Hospitals — Hospital Patron Saints — Office at the
Seclusion of a Leper — ^Tdmlated List of Foundations — Bibliography — ^General
Index.

"The author hat been over ground that hat been very little ttudied, and the hat pro-
duced a work that it of much mterctt and value.'* — Dailj BdasL

"The authorett hat choten a freth and fatcinating tubject, and hat been able both
to treat it exfaauttively and to make it interettmg."— iUtfnii*; Poit,

"Mttt Clay hat done her work to well at to enture that the book will become a
ttandard work of reference on thit mott interetting tubject." — Briitol Times,

These Volumes will follow —

THE PARISH REGISTERS OF ENGLAND

By J. CHARLES COX» LLJ>., F«SJL

HERALDRY

By THOMAS SHEPARD

ROMAN BRITAIN

By JOHN WARD, VSJ^

CASTLES AND WALLED TOWNS OF

ENGLAND

By ALFRED HARVEY, VLB.

SCHOOLS IN MEDIEVAL ENGLAND

By A« F. LEACH

OLD ENGUSH INSTRUMENTS OF MUSIC

By F. W. GALPIN, M JU FX*S.
METHUEN & CO., 36 ESSEX STREET, LONDON, W.C.

I:

A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS

PUBLISHED BY METHUEN

AND COMPANY: LONDON

36 ESSEX STREET

W.C.

CONTENTS

PAGE

PAGE

General Literatare, . 3-34

Little Library,

33

Ancient Cities,

M

Little Quarto Shakespeare,

33

Antiquary's Books,

25

Miniature Library,

33

Arden Shakespeare,

as

New Historical Series,

34

Beginner's Books, .

36

New Library of Medicine, .

34

Business Books, .

36

New Library of Music, .

34

Byzantine Texts, .

36

Oxford Biographies,

34

Churchman's Bible,

36

Romantic History,

34

Churchman's Library, .

a?

School Examination Series,

35

Classical Translations,

97

School Histories, .

35

Classics of Art,

»7

Simplified French Texts, .

35

Commercial Series,

37

Simplified German Texts, .

35

Connoisseur's Library,

38

Six Ages of European History

. 36

Handbooks of English Church

Standard Library, .

36

History, .... 38

Textbooks of Science, .

36

Illustrated Pocket Library of

Textbooks of Technology, .

37

Plain and Coloured Books, 38

Handbooks of Theology,

37

Junior Examination Series, sg

Westminster Commentaries,

37

Junior School-Books, . 39

Leaders of Religion,

30

Library of Derotion,

30

Fiction,

37-45

Little Books on Art, .

31

Books for Boys and Girls,

45

Little Qalleries,

3^

Novels of Alexandre Dumas,

46

Little Guides, .... 33

Methuen's Sixpenny Books,

46

SEPT

•

EM]

5ER 1909

A CATALOGUE OF

Messrs. Methuen's

PUBLICATIONS

In this Catalogue the order is according to authors. An asterisk denotes
that the book is in the press.

Colonial Editions are published of nil Messrs. Mbtkukm's Novels issued
at a price above 9S. 6</., and^ similar editions are published of some works of
General Literature. Colonial editions are only for circulation in the British
Colonies and India.

All books marked net are not subject to discount, and cannot be bought
at less than the published price. Books not marked net are subject to the
discount which the bookseller allows.

Messrs. Msthuen's books are kept in stock by all good booksellers. If
there is any difficulty in seeing copies, Messrs. Methuen will be very glad to
have early information, and specimen copies of any books will be sent on
receipt of the published price ^/us postage for net books, and of the published
price for ordinary books.

I.P.L. represents Illustrated Pocket Library.

Part I. — General Literature

Abraham (Qeorire D.).

rEER.

THE COMPLETE
MOUNtAINEER. With 75 Illustrations.
Second Edition, DtmyZvo. i^s, net,

Acatos(M. J»)« See Junior School Books.

Addleshaw (Percy). SIR PHILIP
SIDNEY. With 12 Illustrations. Demy
6vo. 70s. 6d. net.

Adeney ( W. P.). M- A. See Bennett (W. H .)

Ady (Cecilia M.). A HISTORY OF
MILAN UNDER THE SFORZA. With
oo Illustratious and a Map. Demy Svo.
xof. 6d. net.

Aeschylug. See Classical Translations.

Aincworth (W. Harrison). See I.P.L.

Aldls (Janet). THE QUEEN OF
LETTER WRITERS, Marquise i>k
S^viGNft, Damb db Bourbilly, 1696-96.
With x8 Illustrations. Second Jidition.
Demy Zvo, its. 6</, net.

Alexander (William), D.D., Archbishop
of Armagh. THOUGHTS AND
COUNSELS OF MANY YEARS.
Demy i6mo. 9s. 6d.

Alken (Henry). See I.P.L.

Allen (Charlea C). See Textbooks of
Technology.

Allen (L. Jessie). See Little Books on Art.

Allenjj. Romilly), P.S.A. See Antiquary's
Books.

Almack (B.)* F.S.A. See Little Books on
Art.

Amherst (Lady). A SKETCH OF
EGYPTIAN HISTORY FROM THE
EARLIEST TLMES TO THE PRE-
SENT DAY. With many Illustrations
and Maps. A New and Cheaper Issue
Demy Svo. js. 6d. net.

Anderson (P. M.). THE STORY OF THE
BRITISH EMPIRE FOR CHILDREN.
With 42 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo, zs.

Anderson (J. Q.), B.A., NOUVELLE
GRAMMAIRE FRAN9AISE, A. l'usagk
DBS ^OLBS Anclaises. Crown 8z«(7. qs.

EXERCICES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN-
9AISE. Cr. 8m. zf. 6d.

Andrewes (Bishop). PRECES PRI-
VATAE. Translated and edited, with
Notes, by F. E. Brightman. M.A., of
Pusey House, Oxford. Cr,^ Zvo. 6*.
See also Library of Devotion.

'Anrlo- Australian.' AFTERGLOW ME-
AlORIKS. Cr, Sftf. 6s,

Anon. THE BUDGET, THE LAND

AND THE PEOPLE. Second Edition.

Crown 8tw. 6^/. net,
HEALTH, WEALTH, AND WISDOM.

Crown B7>o, js. net.
THE WESTMINSTER PROBLEMS

BOOK. Prose and Verse. Compiled from

TAf Saturday Westminster GeuetU Com.

petitions, xqo4*xqo7. Cr, Zxw. "xs. 6d. net.
VKNICE AND HER TREASURES. With

many Illustrations. Round comors. Pcap.

Bzitf. 5«. net,

Aristotle. THE ETHICS OF. Edited,
with an Introduction and Notes by Johm
Burnet, M.A., Ckeaperissue, DemyZvo.
xof. 6d. net,

Asman (H. N.), M.A., b.D. See Junior
School Books.

Atkins (H. O.). See Oxford Biographies.

Atkinson (C. M.). JEREMY BENTHAM.
DemyZvo, ^s. net.

Atkinson (C. T.), M.A.^ Fellow of Exeter
College, Oxford, sometime Demy of Mag-
dalen College. A HISTORY OF GER-
MANY, from 17x3 to 18x5. With 35 Maps
and Plans Demy Zvo. 15/. net.

r^

General Liteiuiture

AtUnMMi (T. D.). ENGLISH ARCHL
TECTURE. With 196 Illustrations.
Fcap» ^00. 3X. 6</. tut.

A GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN
ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. With
265 Illustrations. Second Editi^m, Fca^
Zvc, 3J. 6</. tut*

Attaridffe (A. H.). NAPOLEON'S
BROTHERS. . With 24 I Uustrations.
Dtfny ^vo. x8j. net.

Andeii<T.), M.A, F.S.A. See Ancient Cities.

Aarelias (Marcus). WORDS OF THE
ANCIENT WISE. Thoughts from Epic-
tetus and Marcus Aurelius. Edited by
W. H. D. Rouse, M.A., Litt. D. Fctip.
Svo. 3X. 6d. net.
See also Standard Library.

Austen (Jane). See Standard Library,
Little Library and Mitton (G. E.X

Aves (Ernest). CO-OPERATIVE IN-
DUSTRY. Crotim 8to. 5*. net.

Bacon (Prands). See Standard Library
and Little Library.

Bagot (Rlcfaard)L THE LAKES OF
NORTHERN ITALY. With 37 Illustra-
tions and a Map. Feap, 8tw. s«. net.

Bailey (J. C), M.A. See Cowper(W.).

•Bain (R. Nlsbet). THE LAST KING OF
POLAND .AND HIS CONTEMPORA-
RIES. With 16 Illustrations. Demj^ 8zv.
xor. 6d. net.

Baker (W. Q.), M.A. See Junior Examina-
tion Series.

Baker (Julian L.), F.I.C., F.C.S. See
Books on business.

Balfour (Qraham). THE LIFE OF
ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON. With
a Portrait. Fourth Edition in one Volume.
Cr. %vo. Buckram^ 6s.

Ballard (A.), B.A., LL.D. See Antiquary's

Books.
Bally (S. B.). See Commercial Series.
Barham (R. H.). See Little Library.

Baring (The Hon. Maurice). WITH

THE RUSSIANS IN MANCHURIA.

TAird Edition. DemyZvo. fs. 6d.net.
A YEAR IN RUSSIA. Second Edition.

Demy Zvo. lor. 6d. net,
RUSSfAN ESSAYS AND STORIES.

Second Edition. Cr. Zvo. ^ u. net.
Also published in a Colonial Edition.

Barine-Qould (S.). THE LIFE OF
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE. With nearly
900 Illustrations, including a Photogravure
Frontispiece. Second Edition. Wide
Royal Zvo. 10s. 6d. net.

THE TR.\GEDY OF THE CiESARS:
A Study of thb Chakactbks of thr
Cmsars of the Julian and Claudian
Houses. W ith numerous Illustrations from
Busts, Gems, Cameos, etc. Sixth Edition.
Royeti Zvo. xor. 6d. net,

A BOOK OF FAIRY TALES. With
Dumeroos Illustrations by A. J. Gaskin.

Secmtd Edition. Cr. 8t«. Buckram. 6r.,
also Medium 8cw. Sd.

OLD ENGLISH FAIRY TALES. With
numerous Illustrations by F. D. Bedford.
Third Edition. Cr. Zvo. Buckram. 6s.

THE VICAR OF MORWENSTOW. Re-
▼ised Edition. With a Portrait. Third
Edition. Cr. Sv^. y. 6d.

OLD COUNTRY LIFE. With 69 Illustia-
tioos. Fifth Edition. LarreCrovmZvo, dr.

A GARLAND OF COUNTRY SONG:
English Folk Songs with their Traditional
Melodies. Collected and arranged by S.
Baring-Gould and H. F. Shbppasd.
Demy Ato. 6s,

SONGS OF THE WEST: Folk Songs of
Devon and ComwaU. Collected from the
Mouths of the People. By S. Baring-Gould,
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8

Messrs. Methuen's Catalogue

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PROBLEMS OF POVERTY. An Inquiry

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Messrs. Methuen's Catalogue

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Fiction

47

Qenird (DorothM). HOLY MATRI-
MONY.
THE CONQUEST OF LONDON.
MADE OF MONEY.

QissInffCa). THE TOWN TRAVELLER.
THE CROWN OF LIFE.

Olanyllle (BroMt). THE INCAS

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Qleiff (Charles). BUNTER'S CRUISE.

arimm (The Bnitlicrs)^ GRIMM'S
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Hope (Anthony). A MAN OF MARK.

A CHANGE OF AIR.

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ANTONIO.
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ONE ANOTHER'S BURDENS.
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JACOB FAITHFUL.

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THE TWICKENHAM PEERAGE.

THE GODDESS.

THE JOSS.

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Mathers (Helen). HONEY.
GRIFF OF GRIFFITHSCOURT,
SAM'S SWEETHEART.

Meade(Mrs. L.T.). DRIFT.

Miller (Bsther). LIVING LIES.

BHItford (Bertram). THE SIGN OF THE
SPIDER.

WHli

Montresor (P. P.). THE ALIEN.

Morrison (Arthur). THE HOLE IN
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Nesblt(B.) THE RED HOUSE.

Norris (W. B.). HIS GRACE.

GILES INGILBY.

THE CREDIT OF THE COUNTY.

LORD LEONARD THE LUCKLESS.

MATTHEW AUSTIN.

CLARISSA FURIOSA.

Ollphant (Mrs.). THE LADY'S WALK.
SIR ROBERT'S FORTUNE.
THE PRODIGALS.
THE TWO MARYS.

Oppenheim (E. P.). MASTER OF MEN .

Paricer(QUbert). THE POMP OF THE

LAVILETTES.
WHEN VALMOND CAME TO PONTIAC.
THE TRAIL OF THE SWORD.

Ptemberton (Max). THE FOOTSTEPS

OF A THRONE.
I CROWN THEE KING.

PhiUpotts (Bden). THE HUMAN BOY.
CHILDREN OF THE MIST.
THE POACHER'S WIFE.
THE RIVER.

T. Quiller Conch). THE

ITE WOLF.

Ridffe(W. Pett). A SON OF THE STATE.

LOST PROPERTY.

GEORGE and THE GENERAL.

ERB.

Russell (W. Chirk). ABANDONED.
A MARRIAGE AT SEA.
MY DANISH SWEETHEART.
HIS ISLAND PRINCESS.

Sergeant (Adeline). THE MASTER OF

BEECHWOOD.
BARBARA'S MONEY.
THE YELLOW DIAMOND.
THE LOVE THAT OVERCAME.

Sidflrwiclc (Mrs. Alfred). THE KINS-

MAN.

Snrtees (R. S.). HANDLEY CROSS.
MR. SPONGE'S SPORTING TOUR.
ASK MAMMA.

Walford (Mrs. L. B.). MR. SMITH.

COUSINS.

THE BABrS GRANDMOTHER.

TROUBLESOME DAUGHTERS.

Wallace (General Lew). BEN-HUR.
THE FAIR GOD.

Watson (H. B. Marriott). THE ADVEN-
TURERS.

Weekes (A. B. ). PRISONERS OF WAR.

Weils (H. a.). THE SEA LADY.

White (Percy). A PASSIONATE
PILGRIM.